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August 22, 2024

From the Depths: Analyzing the Cthulhu Stealer Malware for macOS

Cado Security (now part of Darktrace) analyzed "Cthulhu Stealer," a macOS malware-as-a-service written in Go. It impersonates legitimate software, prompts for user and MetaMask passwords, and steals credentials, cryptocurrency wallets, and game accounts. Functionally similar to Atomic Stealer, Cthulhu was rented via an underground marketplace, but its operators faced complaints and a ban for alleged exit scamming.
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Tara Gould
Threat Researcher
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22
Aug 2024

Introduction

For years there has been a general belief that macOS systems are immune to malware. While MacOS has a reputation for being secure, macOS malware has been trending up in recent years with the emergence of Silver Sparrow [1],  KeRanger [2], and Atomic Stealer [3], among others. Recently, Cado Security has identified a malware-as-a-service (MaaS) targeting macOS users named “Cthulhu Stealer”. This blog will explore the functionality of this malware and provide insight into how its operators carry out their activities.

Technical analysis

File details:

Language: Go

Not signed

Stripped

Multiarch: x86_64 and arm

Screenshot
Figure 1: Screenshot of disk image when mounted

Cthulhu Stealer is an Apple disk image (DMG) that is bundled with two binaries, depending on the architecture. The malware is written in GoLang and disguises itself as legitimate software. Once the user mounts the dmg, the user is prompted to open the software. After opening the file, “osascript”, the macOS command-line tool for running AppleScript and JavaScript is used to prompt the user for their password. 

Password Prompt
Figure 2: Password Prompt 
Osascript
Figure 3: Osascript prompting user for password

Once the user enters their password, a second prompt requests the user’s MetaMask [4] password. A directory is created in ‘/Users/Shared/NW’ with the credentials stored in textfiles. Chainbreak [5] is used to dump Keychain passwords and stores the details in “Keychain.txt”.

Wallet Connect Password prompt
Figure 4: Password prompt for MetaMask
Directory
Figure 5: Directory /Users/Shared/NW with created files

A zip file containing the stolen data is created in: “/Users/Shared/NW/[CountryCode]Cthulhu_Mac_OS_[date]_[time].zip.” Additionally, a notification is sent to the C2, to alert to new logs. The malware fingerprints the victim’s system, gathering information including IP, with IP details that are retrieved from ipinfo.io.  

System information including system name, OS version, hardware and software information is also gathered and stored in a text file.

Parsed IP Details
Figure 6: Parsed IP Details 
Cthulhu Stealer
Figure 7: Contents of ‘Userinfo.txt’
Code
Figure 8: Part of the function saving system information to text file
Log Alert
Figure 9: Alert of Log that is sent to operators

Cthulhu Stealer impersonates disk images of legitimate software that include:

  • CleanMyMac
  • Grand Theft Auto IV (appears to be a typo for VI)
  • Adobe GenP

The main functionality of Cthulhu Stealer is to steal credentials and cryptocurrency wallets from various stores, including game accounts. Shown in Figure 10, there are multiple checker functions that check in the installation folders of targeted file stores, typically in “Library/Application Support/[file store]”. A directory is created in “/Users/Shared/NW” and the contents of the installation folder are dumped into text files for each store.

Code
Figure 10: “Checker” functions being called in main function
Code
Figure 11: Function BattleNetChecker

A list of stores Cthulhu Stealer steals from is shown in the list below:

  • Browser Cookies
  • Coinbase Wallet
  • Chrome Extension Wallets
  • Telegram Tdata account information
  • Minecraft user information
  • Wasabi Wallet
  • MetaMask Wallet
  • Keychain Passwords
  • SafeStorage Passwords
  • Battlenet game, cache and log data
  • Firefox Cookies
  • Daedalus Wallet
  • Electrum Wallet
  • Atomic Wallet
  • Binanace Wallet
  • Harmony Wallet
  • Electrum Wallet
  • Enjin Wallet
  • Hoo Wallet
  • Dapper Wallet
  • Coinomi Wallet
  • Trust Wallet

Comparison to atomic stealer

Atomic Stealer [6] is an information-stealer that targets macOS written in Go that was first identified in 2023. Atomic Stealer steals crypto wallets, browser credentials, and keychain. The stealer is sold on Telegram to affiliates for $1,000 per month. The functionality and features of Cthulhu Stealer are very similar to Atomic Stealer, indicating the developer of Cthulhu Stealer probably took Atomic Stealer and modified the code. The use of “osascript”  to prompt the user for their password is similar in Atomic Stealer and Cthulhu, even including the same spelling mistakes. 

Forum and operators

The developers and affiliates of Cthulhu Stealer operate as “Cthulhu Team” using Telegram for communications. The stealer appears to be being rented out to individuals for $500 USD/month, with the main developer paying out a percentage of earnings to affiliates based on their deployment. Each affiliate of the stealer is responsible for the deployment of the malware. Cado has found Cthulhu Stealer sold on two well-known malware marketplaces which are used for communication, arbitration and advertising of the stealer, along with Telegram. The user “Cthulhu” (also known as Balaclavv), first started advertising Cthulhu Stealer at the end of 2023 and appeared to be operating for the first few months of 2024, based on timestamps from the binaries. 

Various affiliates of the stealer started lodging complaints against Cthulhu in 2024 with regards to payments not being received. Users complained that Cthulhu had stolen money that was owed to them and accused the threat actor of being a scammer or participating in an exit scam. As a result, the threat actor received a permanent ban from the marketplace.

Screenshot
Figure 12: Screenshot of an arbitration an affiliate lodged against Cthulhu

Key takeaways 

In conclusion, while macOS has long been considered a secure system, the existence of malware targeting Mac users remains an increasing security concern. Although Cthulhu Team no longer appears to be active, this serves as a reminder that Apple users are not immune to cyber threats. It’s crucial to remain vigilant and exercise caution, particularly when installing software from unofficial sources.

To protect yourself from potential threats, always download software from trusted sources, such as the Apple App Store or the official websites of reputable developers. Enable macOS’s built-in security features such as Gatekeeper, which helps prevent the installation of unverified apps. Keep your system and applications up to date with the latest security patches. Additionally, consider using reputable antivirus software to provide an extra layer of protection.

By staying informed and taking proactive steps, you can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to Mac malware and ensure your system remains secure.

Indicators of compromise

Launch.dmg  

6483094f7784c424891644a85d5535688c8969666e16a194d397dc66779b0b12  

GTAIV_EarlyAccess_MACOS_Release.dmg  

e3f1e91de8af95cd56ec95737669c3512f90cecbc6696579ae2be349e30327a7  

AdobeGenP.dmg  

f79b7cbc653696af0dbd867c0a5d47698bcfc05f63b665ad48018d2610b7e97b  

Setup2024.dmg  

de33b7fb6f3d77101f81822c58540c87bd7323896913130268b9ce24f8c61e24  

CleanMyMac.dmg  

96f80fef3323e5bc0ce067cd7a93b9739174e29f786b09357125550a033b0288  

Network indicators  

89[.]208.103.185  

89[.]208.103.185:4000/autocheckbytes  

89[.]208.103.185:4000/notification_archive  

MITRE ATTACK  

User Execution  

T1204  

Command and Scripting Interpreter: Apple Script  

T1059.002  

Credentials From Password Stores  

T1555  

Credentials From Password Stores: Keychain  

T1555.001  

Credentials From Password Stores: Credentials From Web Browser  

T1555.003  

Account Discovery   

T1087  

System Information Discovery  

T1082  

Data Staged  

T1074  

Data From Local System  

T1005  

Exfiltration Over C2 Channel  

T1041  

Financial Theft  

Detection

Yara

rule MacoOS_CthulhuStealer {   
meta:       
 Description = "Detects Cthulhu MacOS Stealer Binary"       
 author = "Cado Security"       
 date = "14/08/2024"       
 md5 = "897384f9a792674b969388891653bb58" strings:           
 $mach_o_x86_64 = {CF FA ED FE 07 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00}           
 $mach_o_arm64 = {CF FA ED FE 0C 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00}          $c2 = "http://89.208.103.185:4000"           
 $path1 = "/Users/Shared/NW" fullword          $path2 = "/Users/admin/Desktop/adwans/Builder/6987368329/generated_script.go" fullword          $path3 = "ic.png" fullword           
 $zip = "@====)>>>>>>>>> CTHULHU STEALER - BOT <<<<<<<<<(====@\n" fullword          $func1 = "copyKeychainFile"           
 $func2 = "grabberA1"           
 $func3 = "grabberA2"          
 $func4 = "decodeIPInfo"           
 $func5 = "battlenetChecker"           
 $func6 = "binanceChecker"          
 $func7 = "daedalusChecker"           
 $func8 = "CCopyFFolderContents"           
 $func9 = "electrumChecker"         
 
condition:         
 $mach_o_x86_64 or $mach_o_arm64           
 and any of ($func*) or any of ($path*) or ($c2) or ($zip) } 

References

[1] https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/

[2] https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-os-x-ransomware-keranger-infected-transmission-bittorrent-client-installer/

[3] https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/atomic-stealer-threat-actor-spawns-second-variant-of-macos-malware-sold-on-telegram/

[4] https://metamask.io/

[5] https://github.com/n0fate/chainbreaker

[6] https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/atomic-stealer-threat-actor-spawns-second-variant-of-macos-malware-sold-on-telegram/

Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Tara Gould
Threat Researcher

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October 24, 2025

Patch Smarter, Not Harder: Now Empowering Security Teams with Business-Aligned Threat Context Agents

Patch Smarter, Not Harder: Now Empowering Security Teams with Business-Aligned Threat Context Agents Default blog imageDefault blog image

Most risk management programs remain anchored in enumeration: scanning every asset, cataloging every CVE, and drowning in lists that rarely translate into action. Despite expensive scanners, annual pen tests, and countless spreadsheets, prioritization still falters at two critical points.

Context gaps at the device level: It’s hard to know which vulnerabilities actually matter to your business given existing privileges, what software it runs, and what controls already reduce risk.

Business translation: Even when the technical priority is clear, justifying effort and spend in financial terms—especially across many affected devices—can delay action. Especially if it means halting other areas of the business that directly generate revenue.

The result is familiar: alert fatigue, “too many highs,” and remediation that trails behind the threat landscape. Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management addresses this by pairing precise, endpoint‑level context with clear, financial insight so teams can prioritize confidently and mobilize faster.

A powerful combination: No-Telemetry Endpoint Agent + Cost-Benefit Analysis

Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management now uniquely combines technical precision with business clarity in a single workflow.  With this release, Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management delivers a more holistic approach, uniting technical context and financial insight to drive proactive risk reduction. The result is a single solution that helps security teams stay ahead of threats while reducing noise, delays, and complexity.

  • No-Telemetry Endpoint: Collects installed software data and maps it to known CVEs—without network traffic—providing device-level vulnerability context and operational relevance.
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis for Patching: Calculates ROI by comparing patching effort with potential exploit impact, factoring in headcount time, device count, patch difficulty, and automation availability.

Introducing the No-Telemetry Endpoint Agent

Darktrace’s new endpoint agent inventories installed software on devices and maps it to known CVEs without collecting network data so you can prioritize using real device context and available security controls.

By grounding vulnerability findings in the reality of each endpoint, including its software footprint and existing controls, teams can cut through generic severity scores and focus on what matters most. The agent is ideal for remote devices, BYOD-adjacent fleets, or environments standardizing on Darktrace, and is available without additional licensing cost.

Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management user interface
Figure 1: Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management user interface

Built-In Cost-Benefit Analysis for Patching

Security teams often know what needs fixing but stakeholders need to understand why now. Darktrace’s new cost-benefit calculator compares the total cost to patch against the potential cost of exploit, producing an ROI for the patch action that expresses security action in clear financial terms.

Inputs like engineer time, number of affected devices, patch difficulty, and automation availability are factored in automatically. The result is a business-aligned justification for every patching decision—helping teams secure buy-in, accelerate approvals, and move work forward with one-click ticketing, CSV export, or risk acceptance.

Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management Cost Benefit Analysis
Figure 2: Darktrace / Proactive Exposure Management Cost Benefit Analysis

A Smarter, Faster Approach to Exposure Management

Together, the no-telemetry endpoint and Cost–Benefit Analysis advance the CTEM motion from theory to practice. You gain higher‑fidelity discovery and validation signals at the device level, paired with business‑ready justification that accelerates mobilization. The result is fewer distractions, clearer priorities, and faster measurable risk reduction. This is not from chasing every alert, but by focusing on what moves the needle now.

  • Smarter Prioritization: Device‑level context trims noise and spotlights the exposures that matter for your business.
  • Faster Decisions: Built‑in ROI turns technical urgency into executive clarity—speeding approvals and action.
  • Practical Execution: Privacy‑conscious endpoint collection and ticketing/export options fit neatly into existing workflows.
  • Better Outcomes: Close the loop faster—discover, prioritize, validate, and mobilize—on the same operating surface.

Committed to innovation

These updates are part of the broader Darktrace release, which also included:

1. Major innovations in cloud security with the launch of the industry’s first fully automated cloud forensics solution, reinforcing Darktrace’s leadership in AI-native security.

2. Darktrace Network Endpoint eXtended Telemetry (NEXT) is revolutionizing NDR with the industry’s first mixed-telemetry agent using Self-Learning AI.

3. Improvements to our OT product, purpose built for industrial infrastructure, Darktrace / OT now brings dedicated OT dashboard, segmentation-aware risk modeling, and expanded visibility into edge assets and automation protocols.

Join our Live Launch Event

When? 

December 9, 2025

What will be covered?

Join our live broadcast to experience how Darktrace is eliminating blind spots for detection and response across your complete enterprise with new innovations in Agentic AI across our ActiveAI Security platform. Industry leaders from IDC will join Darktrace customers to discuss challenges in cross-domain security, with a live walkthrough reshaping the future of Network Detection & Response, Endpoint Detection & Response, Email Security, and SecOps in novel threat detection and autonomous investigations.

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October 24, 2025

Darktrace Announces Extended Visibility Between Confirmed Assets and Leaked Credentials from the Deep and Dark Web

Darktrace Announces Extended Visibility Between Confirmed Assets and Leaked Credentials from the Deep and Dark Web Default blog imageDefault blog image

Why exposure management needs to evolve beyond scans and checklists

The modern attack surface changes faster than most security programs can keep up. New assets appear, environments change, and adversaries are increasingly aided by automation and AI. Traditional approaches like periodic scans, static inventories, or annual pen tests are no longer enough. Without a formal exposure program, many businesses are flying blind, unaware of where the next threat may emerge.

This is where Continuous Threat Exposure Management (CTEM) becomes essential. Introduced by Gartner, CTEM helps organizations continuously assess, validate, and improve their exposure to real-world threats. It reframes the problem: scope your true attack surface, prioritize based on business impact and exploitability, and validate what attackers can actually do today, not once a year.

With two powerful new capabilities, Darktrace / Attack Surface Management helps organizations evolve their CTEM programs to meet the demands of today’s threat landscape. These updates make CTEM a reality, not just a strategy.

Too much data, not enough direction

Modern Attack Surface Management tools excel at discovering assets such as cloud workloads, exposed APIs, and forgotten domains. But they often fall short when it comes to prioritization. They rely on static severity scores or generic CVSS ratings, which do not reflect real-world risk or business impact.

This leaves security teams with:

  • Alert fatigue from hundreds of “critical” findings
  • Patch paralysis due to unclear prioritization
  • Blind spots around attacker intent and external targeting

CISOs need more than visibility. They need confidence in what to fix first and context to justify those decisions to stakeholders.

Evolving Attack Surface Management

Attack Surface Management (ASM) must evolve from static lists and generic severity scores to actionable intelligence that helps teams make the right decision now.

Joining the recent addition of Exploit Prediction Assessment, which debuted in late June 2025, today we’re introducing two capabilities that push ASM into that next era:

  • Exploit Prediction Assessment: Continuously validates whether top-priority exposures are actually exploitable in your environment without waiting for patch cycles or formal pen tests.  
  • Deep & Dark Web Monitoring: Extends visibility across millions of sources in the deep and dark web to detect leaked credentials linked to your confirmed domains.
  • Confidence Score: our newly developed AI classification platform will compare newly discovered assets to assets that are known to belong to your organization. The more these newly discovered assets look similar to assets that belong to your organization, the higher the score will be.

Together, these features compress the window from discovery to decision, so your team can act with precision, not panic. The result is a single solution that helps teams stay ahead of attackers without introducing new complexities.

Exploit Prediction Assessment

Traditional penetration tests are invaluable, but they’re often a snapshot of that point-in-time, are potentially disruptive, and compliance frameworks still expect them. Not to mention, when vulnerabilities are present, teams can act immediately rather than relying solely on information from CVSS scores or waiting for patch cycles.  

Unlike full pen tests which can be obtrusive and are usually done only a couple times per year, Exploit Prediction Assessment is surgical, continuous, and focused only on top issues Instead of waiting for vendor patches or the next pen‑test window. It helps confirm whether a top‑priority exposure is actually exploitable in your environment right now.  

For more information on this visit our blog: Beyond Discovery: Adding Intelligent Vulnerability Validation to Darktrace / Attack Surface Management

Deep and Dark Web Monitoring: Extending the scope

Customers have been asking for this for years, and it is finally here. Defense against the dark web. Darktrace / Attack Surface Management’s reach now spans millions of sources across the deep and dark web including forums, marketplaces, breach repositories, paste sites, and other hard‑to‑reach communities to detect leaked credentials linked to your confirmed domains.  

Monitoring is continuous, so you’re alerted as soon as evidence of compromise appears. The surface web is only a fraction of the internet, and a sizable share of risk hides beyond it. Estimates suggest the surface web represents roughly ~10% of all online content, with the rest gated or unindexed—and the TOR-accessible dark web hosts a high proportion of illicit material (a King’s College London study found ~57% of surveyed onion sites contained illicit content), underscoring why credential leakage and brand abuse often appear in places traditional monitoring doesn’t reach. Making these spaces high‑value for early warning signals when credentials or brand assets appear. Most notably, this includes your company’s reputation, assets like servers and systems, and top executives and employees at risk.

What changes for your team

Before:

  • Hundreds of findings, unclear what to start with
  • Reactive investigations triggered by incidents

After:

  • A prioritized backlog based on confidence score or exploit prediction assessment verification
  • Proactive verification of exposure with real-world risk without manual efforts

Confidence Score: Prioritize based on the use-case you care most about

What is it?

Confidence Score is a metric that expresses similarity of newly discover assets compared to the confirmed asset inventory. Several self-learning algorithms compare features of assets to be able to calculate a score.

Why it matters

Traditional Attack Surface Management tools treat all new discovery equally, making it unclear to your team how to identify the most important newly discovered assets, potentially causing you to miss a spoofing domain or shadow IT that could impact your business.

How it helps your team

We’re dividing newly discovered assets into separate insight buckets that each cover a slightly different business case.

  • Low scoring assets: to cover phishing & spoofing domains (like domain variants) that are just being registered and don't have content yet.
  • Medium scoring assets: have more similarities to your digital estate, but have better matching to HTML, brand names, keywords. Can still be phishing but probably with content.
  • High scoring assets: These look most like the rest of your confirmed digital estate, either it's phishing that needs the highest attention, or the asset belongs to your attack surface and requires asset state confirmation to enable the platform to monitor it for risks.

Smarter Exposure Management for CTEM Programs

Recent updates to Darktrace / Attack Surface Management directly advance the core phases of Continuous Threat Exposure Management (CTEM): scope, discover, prioritize, validate, and mobilize. The new Exploit Prediction Assessment helps teams validate and prioritize vulnerabilities based on real-world exploitability, while Deep & Dark Web Monitoring extends discovery into hard-to-reach areas where stolen data and credentials often surface. Together, these capabilities reduce noise, accelerate remediation, and help organizations maintain continuous visibility over their expanding attack surface.

Building on these innovations, Darktrace / Attack Surface Management empowers security teams to focus on what truly matters. By validating exploitability, it cuts through the noise of endless vulnerability lists—helping defenders concentrate on exposures that represent genuine business risk. Continuous monitoring for leaked credentials across the deep and dark web further extends visibility beyond traditional asset discovery, closing critical blind spots where attackers often operate. Crucially, these capabilities complement, not replace, existing security controls such as annual penetration tests, providing continuous, low-friction validation between formal assessments. The result is a more adaptive, resilient security posture that keeps pace with an ever-evolving threat landscape.

If you’re building or maturing a CTEM program—and want fewer open exposures, faster remediation, and better outcomes, Darktrace / Attack Surface Management’s new Exploit Prediction Assessment and Deep & Dark Web Monitoring are ready to help.

  • Want a more in-depth look at how Exploit Prediction Assessment functions? Read more here

Committed to innovation

These updates are part of the broader Darktrace release, which also included:

1. Major innovations in cloud security with the launch of the industry’s first fully automated cloud forensics solution, reinforcing Darktrace’s leadership in AI-native security.

2. Darktrace Network Endpoint eXtended Telemetry (NEXT) is revolutionizing NDR with the industry’s first mixed-telemetry agent using Self-Learning AI.

3. Improvements to our OT product, purpose built for industrial infrastructure, Darktrace / OT now brings dedicated OT dashboard, segmentation-aware risk modeling, and expanded visibility into edge assets and automation protocols.

Join our Live Launch Event

When? 

December 9, 2025

What will be covered?

Join our live broadcast to experience how Darktrace is eliminating blind spots for detection and response across your complete enterprise with new innovations in Agentic AI across our ActiveAI Security platform. Industry leaders from IDC will join Darktrace customers to discuss challenges in cross-domain security, with a live walkthrough reshaping the future of Network Detection & Response, Endpoint Detection & Response, Email Security, and SecOps in novel threat detection and autonomous investigations.

Continue reading
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