Blog
/
Network
/
December 16, 2024

Cleo File Transfer Vulnerability: Patch Pitfalls and Darktrace’s Detection of Post-Exploitation Activities

File transfer applications are prime targets for ransomware groups due to their critical role in business operations. Recent vulnerabilities in Cleo's MFT software, namely CVE-2024-50623 and CVE-2024-55956, highlight ongoing risks. Read more about the Darktrace Threat Research team’s investigation into these vulnerabilities.
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Maria Geronikolou
Cyber Analyst
Default blog imageDefault blog imageDefault blog imageDefault blog imageDefault blog imageDefault blog image
16
Dec 2024

File transfer applications: A target for ransomware

File transfer applications have been a consistent target, particularly for ransomware groups, in recent years because they are key parts of business operations and have trusted access across different parts of an organization that include potentially confidential and personal information about an organization and its employees.

Recent targets of ransomware criminals includes applications like Acellion, Moveit, and GoAnywhere [1]. This seems to have been the case for Cleo’s managed file transfer (MFT) software solutions and the vulnerability CVE-2024-50623.

Threat overview: Understanding Cleo file transfer vulnerability

This vulnerability was believed to have been patched with the release of version 5.8.0.21 in late October 2024. However, open-source intelligence (OSINT) reported that the Clop ransomware group had managed to bypass the initial patch in late November, leading to the successful exploitation of the previously patched CVE.

In the last few days Cleo has published a new vulnerability, CVE-2024-55956, which is not a patch bypass of the CVE-2024-50623 but rather another vulnerability. This is also an unauthenticated file write vulnerability but while CVE-2024-50623 allows for both reading and writing arbitrary files, the CVE-2024-55956 only allows for writing arbitrary files and was addressed in version 5.8.0.24 [2].

Darktrace Threat Research analysts have already started investigating potential signs of devices running the Cleo software with network traffic supporting this initial hypothesis.

Comparison of CVE-2024-50623 and CVE-2024-55956

While CVE-2024-50623 was initially listed as a cross-site scripting issue, it was updated on December 10 to reflect unrestricted file upload and download. This vulnerability could lead to remote code execution (RCE) in versions of Cleo’s Harmony, VLTrader, and LexiCom products prior to 5.8.0.24. Attackers could leverage the fact that files are placed in the "autorun" sub-directory within the installation folder and are immediately read, interpreted, and evaluated by the susceptible software [3].

CVE-2024-55956, refers to an unauthenticated user who can import and execute arbitrary Bash or PowerShell commands on the host system by leveraging the default settings of the Autorun directory [4]. Both CVEs have occurred due to separate issues in the “/Synchronization” endpoint.

Investigating post exploitation patterns of activity on Cleo software

Proof of exploitation

Darktrace’s Threat Research analysts investigated multiple cases where devices identified as likely running Cleo software were detected engaging in unusual behavior. Analysts also attempted to identify any possible association between publicly available indicators of compromise (IoCs) and the exploitation of the vulnerability, using evidence of anomalous network traffic.

One case involved an Internet-facing device likely running Cleo VLTrader software (based on its hostname) reaching out to the 100% rare Lithuanian IP 181.214.147[.]164 · AS 15440 (UAB Baltnetos komunikacijos).

This activity occurred in the early hours of December 8 on the network of a customer in the energy sector. Darktrace detected a Cleo server transferring around over 500 MB of data over multiple SSL connections via port 443 to the Lithuanian IP. External research reported that this IP appears to be a callback IP observed in post-exploitation activity of vulnerable Cleo devices [3].

While this device was regularly observed sending data to external endpoints, this transfer represented a small increase in data sent to public IPs and coupled with the rarity of the destination, triggered a model alert as well as a Cyber AI Analyst Incident summarizing the transfer. Unfortunately, due to the encrypted connection no further analysis of the transmitted data was possible. However, due to the rarity of the activity, Darktrace’s Autonomous Response intervened and prevented any further connections to the IP.

 Model Alert Event Log show repeated connections to the rare IP, filtered with the rarity metric.
Figure 1: Model Alert Event Log show repeated connections to the rare IP, filtered with the rarity metric.
Shows connections to 181.214.147[.]164 and the amount of data transferred.
Figure 2: Shows connections to 181.214.147[.]164 and the amount of data transferred.

On the same day, external connections were observed to the external IP 45.182.189[.]225, along with inbound SSL connections from the same endpoint. OSINT has also linked this IP to the exploitation of Cleo software vulnerabilities [5].

Outgoing connections from a Cleo server to an anomalous endpoint.
Figure 3: Outgoing connections from a Cleo server to an anomalous endpoint.
 Incoming SSL connections from the external IP 45.182.189[.]225.
Figure 4: Incoming SSL connections from the external IP 45.182.189[.]225.

Hours after the last connection to 181.214.147[.]164, the integration detection tool from CrowdStrike, which the customer had integrated with Darktrace, issued an alert. This alert provided additional visibility into host-level processes and highlighted the following command executed on the Cleo server:

“D:\VLTrader\jre\bin\java.exe" -jar cleo.4889

Figure 5: The executed comand “D:\VLTrader\jre\bin\java.exe" -jar cleo.4889 and the Resource Location: \Device\HarddiskVolume3\VLTrader\jre\bin\java.exe.

Three days later, on December 11, another CrowdStrike integration alert was generated, this time following encoded PowerShell command activity on the server. This is consistent with post-exploitation activity where arbitrary PowerShell commands are executed on compromised systems leveraging the default settings of the Autorun directory, as highlighted by Cleo support [6]. According to external researchers , this process initiates connections to an external IP to retrieve JAR files with webshell-like functionality for continued post-exploitation [3]. The IP embedded in both commands observed by Darktrace was 38.180.242[.]122, hosted on ASN 58061(Scalaxy B.V.). There is no OSINT associating this IP with Cleo vulnerability exploitation at the time of writing.

Another device within the same customer network exhibited similar data transfer and command execution activity around the same time, suggesting it had also been compromised through this vulnerability. However, this second device contacted a different external IP, 5.45.74[.]137, hosted on AS 58061 (Scalaxy B.V.).

Like the first device, multiple connections to this IP were detected, with almost 600 MB of data transferred over the SSL protocol.

The Security Integration Detection Model that was triggered  and the PowerShell command observed
Figure 6: The Security Integration Detection Model that was triggered  and the PowerShell command observed
 Incoming connections from the external IP 38.180.242[.]122.
Figure 7: Incoming connections from the external IP 38.180.242[.]122.
Connections to the external IP 5.45.74[.]137.
Figure 8: Connections to the external IP 5.45.74[.]137.
Figure 9: Autonomous Response Actions triggered during the suspicious activities

While investigating potential Cleo servers involved in similar outgoing data activity, Darktrace’s Threat Research team identified two additional instances of likely Cleo vulnerability exploitation used to exfiltrate data outside the network. In those two instances, unusual outgoing data transfers were observed to the IP 176.123.4[.]22 (AS 200019, AlexHost SRL), with around 500 MB of data being exfiltrated over port 443 in one case (the exact volume could not be confirmed in the other instance). This IP was found embedded in encoded PowerShell commands examined by external researchers in the context of Cleo vulnerability exploitation investigations.

Conclusion

Overall, Cleo software represents a critical component of many business operations, being utilized by over 4,000 organizations worldwide. This renders the software an attractive target for threat actors who aim at exploiting internet-facing devices that could be used to compromise the software’s direct users but also other dependent industries resulting in supply chain attacks.

Darktrace / NETWORK was able to capture traffic linked to exploitation of CVE-2024-50623 within models that triggered such as Unusual Activity / Unusual External Data to New Endpoint while its Autonomous Response capability successfully blocked the anomalous connections and exfiltration attempts.

Information on new CVEs, how they're being exploited, and whether they've been patched can be fast-changing, sometimes limited and often confusing. Regardless, Darktrace is able to identify and alert to unusual behavior on these systems, indicating exploitation.

Credit to Maria Geronikolou, Alexandra Sentenac, Emma Fougler, Signe Zaharka and the Darktrace Threat Research team

Get the latest insights on emerging cyber threats

Attackers are adapting, are you ready? This report explores the latest trends shaping the cybersecurity landscape and what defenders need to know in 2025.

  • Identity-based attacks: How attackers are bypassing traditional defenses
  • Zero-day exploitation: The rise of previously unknown vulnerabilities
  • AI-driven threats: How adversaries are leveraging AI to outmaneuver security controls

Stay ahead of evolving threats with expert analysis from Darktrace. Download the report here.

Appendices

References

[1] https://blog.httpcs.com/en/file-sharing-and-transfer-software-the-new-target-of-hackers/

[2] https://attackerkb.com/topics/geR0H8dgrE/cve-2024-55956/rapid7-analysis

[3] https://www.huntress.com/blog/threat-advisory-oh-no-cleo-cleo-software-actively-being-exploited-in-the-wild

[4] https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55956

[5] https://arcticwolf.com/resources/blog/cleopatras-shadow-a-mass-exploitation-campaign/

[6] https://support.cleo.com/hc/en-us/articles/28408134019735-Cleo-Product-Security-Advisory-CVE-Pending

[7] https://support.cleo.com/hc/en-us/articles/360034260293-Local-HTTP-Users-Configuration

Darktrace Model Alerts

Anomalous Connection / Data Sent to Rare Domain

Unusual Activity / Unusual External Data to New Endpoint

Unusual Activity / Unusual External Data Transfer

Device / Internet Facing Device with High Priority Alert

Anomalous Server Activity / Rare External from Server

Anomalous Connection / New User Agent to IP Without Hostname

Security Integration / High Severity Integration Incident

Security Integration / Low Severity Integration Detection

Autonomous Response Model Detections

Antigena / Network / Insider Threat / Antigena Large Data Volume Outbound Block

Antigena / Network / Significant Anomaly / Antigena Significant Server Anomaly Block

Antigena / Network / Significant Anomaly / Antigena Controlled and Model Alert

Cyber AI Analyst Incidents

Unusual External Data Transfer

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Tactic – Technique

INITIAL ACCESS – Exploit Public-Facing Application

COMMAND AND CONTROL – Application Layer Protocol (Web Protocols)

COMMAND AND CONTROL – Encrypted Channel

PERSISTENCE – Web Shell

EXFILTRATION - Exfiltration Over C2 Channel

IoC List

IoC       Type    Description + Probability

181.214.147[.]164      IP Address       Likely C2 Infrastructure

176.123.4[.]22            IP Address       Likely C2 Infrastructure

5.45.74[.]137               IP Address           Possible C2 Infrastructure

38.180.242[.]122        IP Address       Possible C2 Infrastructure

Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Maria Geronikolou
Cyber Analyst

More in this series

No items found.

Blog

/

Email

/

May 21, 2025

Evaluating Email Security: How to Select the Best Solution for Your Organization

person holding ipadDefault blog imageDefault blog image

When evaluating email security solutions, it’s crucial to move beyond marketing claims and focus on real-world performance. One of the most effective ways to achieve this is through an A/B comparison approach – a side-by-side evaluation of vendors based on consistent, predefined criteria.

This method cuts through biases, reveals true capability differences, and ensures that all solutions are assessed on a level playing field. It’s not just about finding an objectively good solution – it’s about finding the best solution for your organization’s specific needs.

An A/B comparison approach is particularly effective for three main reasons:

  1. Eliminates bias: By comparing solutions under identical conditions, it’s easier to spot differences in performance without the fog of marketing jargon.
  2. Highlights real capabilities: Direct side-by-side testing exposes genuine strengths and weaknesses, making it easier to judge which features are impactful versus merely decorative.
  3. Encourages objective decision-making: This structured method reduces emotional or brand-driven decisions, focusing purely on metrics and performance.

Let’s look at the key factors to consider when setting up your evaluation to ensure a fair, accurate, and actionable comparison.

Deployment: Setting the stage for fair evaluation

To achieve a genuine comparison, deployment must be consistent across all evaluated solutions:

  • Establish the same scope: All solutions should be granted identical visibility across relevant tenants and domains to ensure parity.
  • Set a concrete timeline: Deploy and test each solution with the same dataset, at the same points in time. This allows you to observe differences in learning periods and adaptive capabilities.

Equal visibility and synchronized timelines prevent discrepancies that could skew your understanding of each vendor’s true capabilities. But remember – quicker results might not equal better learning or understanding!

Tuning and configurations: Optimizing for real-world conditions

Properly tuning and configuring each solution is critical for fair evaluation:

  • Compare on optimal performance: Consult with each vendor to understand what optimal deployment looks like for their solution, particularly if machine learning is involved.
  • Consider the long term: Configuration adjustments should be made with long-term usage in mind. Short-term fixes can mask long-term challenges.
  • Data visibility: Ensure each solution can retain and provide search capabilities on all data collected throughout the evaluation period.

These steps guarantee that you are comparing fully optimized versions of each platform, not underperforming or misconfigured ones.

Evaluation: Applying consistent metrics

Once deployment and configurations are aligned, the evaluation itself must be consistent, to prevent unfair scoring and help to identify true differences in threat detection and response capabilities.

  • Coordinate your decision criteria: Ensure all vendors are measured against the same set of criteria, established before testing begins.
  • Understand vendor threat classification: Each vendor may have different ways of classifying threats, so be sure to understand these nuances.
  • Maintain communication: If results seem inaccurate, engage with the vendors. Their response and remediation capabilities are part of the evaluation.

Making a decision: Look beyond the metrics

When it comes to reviewing the performance of each solution, it’s important to both consider and look beyond the raw data. This is about choosing the solution that best aligns with your specific business needs, which may include factors and features not captured in the results.

  • Evaluate based on results: Consider accuracy, threats detected, precision, and response effectiveness.
  • Evaluate beyond results: Assess the overall experience, including support, integrations, training, and long-term alignment with your security strategy.
  • Review and communicate: Internally review the findings and communicate them back to the vendors.

Choosing the right email security solution isn’t just about ticking boxes, it’s about strategic alignment with your organization’s goals and the evolving threat landscape. A structured, A/B comparison approach will help ensure that the solution you select is truly the best fit.

For a full checklist of the features and capabilities to compare, as well as how to perform a commercial and technical evaluation, check out the full Buyer’s Checklist for Evaluating Email Security.

[related-resource]

Continue reading
About the author
Carlos Gray
Senior Product Marketing Manager, Email

Blog

/

OT

/

May 21, 2025

Adapting to new USCG cybersecurity mandates: Darktrace for ports and maritime systems

Cargo ships at a portDefault blog imageDefault blog image

What is the Marine Transportation System (MTS)?

Marine Transportation Systems (MTS) play a substantial roll in U.S. commerce, military readiness, and economic security. Defined as a critical national infrastructure, the MTS encompasses all aspects of maritime transportation from ships and ports to the inland waterways and the rail and roadways that connect them.

MTS interconnected systems include:

  • Waterways: Coastal and inland rivers, shipping channels, and harbors
  • Ports: Terminals, piers, and facilities where cargo and passengers are transferred
  • Vessels: Commercial ships, barges, ferries, and support craft
  • Intermodal Connections: Railroads, highways, and logistics hubs that tie maritime transport into national and global supply chains

The Coast Guard plays a central role in ensuring the safety, security, and efficiency of the MTS, handling over $5.4 trillion in annual economic activity. As digital systems increasingly support operations across the MTS, from crane control to cargo tracking, cybersecurity has become essential to protecting this lifeline of U.S. trade and infrastructure.

Maritime Transportation Systems also enable international trade, making them prime targets for cyber threats from ransomware gangs to nation-state actors.

To defend against growing threats, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) has moved from encouraging cybersecurity best practices to enforcing them, culminating in a new mandate that goes into effect on July 16, 2025. These regulations aim to secure the digital backbone of the maritime industry.

Why maritime ports are at risk

Modern ports are a blend of legacy and modern OT, IoT, and IT digitally connected technologies that enable crane operations, container tracking, terminal storage, logistics, and remote maintenance.

Many of these systems were never designed with cybersecurity in mind, making them vulnerable to lateral movement and disruptive ransomware attack spillover.

The convergence of business IT networks and operational infrastructure further expands the attack surface, especially with the rise of cloud adoption and unmanaged IoT and IIoT devices.

Cyber incidents in recent years have demonstrated how ransomware or malicious activity can halt crane operations, disrupt logistics, and compromise safety at scale threatening not only port operations, but national security and economic stability.

Relevant cyber-attacks on maritime ports

Maersk & Port of Los Angeles (2017 – NotPetya):
A ransomware attack crippled A.P. Moller-Maersk, the world’s largest shipping company. Operations at 17 ports, including the Port of Los Angeles, were halted due to system outages, causing weeks of logistical chaos.

Port of San Diego (2018 – Ransomware Attack):
A ransomware attack targeted the Port of San Diego, disrupting internal IT systems including public records, business services, and dockside cargo operations. While marine traffic was unaffected, commercial activity slowed significantly during recovery.

Port of Houston (2021 – Nation-State Intrusion):
A suspected nation-state actor exploited a known vulnerability in a Port of Houston web application to gain access to its network. While the attack was reportedly thwarted, it triggered a federal investigation and highlighted the vulnerability of maritime systems.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, India (2022 – Ransomware Incident):
India’s largest container port experienced disruptions due to a ransomware attack affecting operations and logistics systems. Container handling and cargo movement slowed as IT systems were taken offline during recovery efforts.

A regulatory shift: From guidance to enforcement

Since the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) of 2002, ports have been required to develop and maintain security plans. Cybersecurity formally entered the regulatory fold in 2020 with revisions to 33 CFR Part 105 and 106, requiring port authorities to assess and address computer system vulnerabilities.

In January 2025, the USCG finalized new rules to enforce cybersecurity practices across the MTS. Key elements include (but are not limited to):

  • A dedicated cyber incident response plan (PR.IP-9)
  • Routine cybersecurity risk assessments and exercises (ID.RA)
  • Designation of a cybersecurity officer and regular workforce training (section 3.1)
  • Controls for access management, segmentation, logging, and encryption (PR.AC-1:7)
  • Supply chain risk management (ID.SC)
  • Incident reporting to the National Response Center

Port operators are encouraged to align their programs with the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF 2.0) and NIST SP 800-82r3, which provide comprehensive guidance for IT and OT security in industrial environments.

How Darktrace can support maritime & ports

Unified IT + OT + Cloud coverage

Maritime ports operate in hybrid environments spanning business IT systems (finance, HR, ERP), industrial OT (cranes, gates, pumps, sensors), and an increasing array of cloud and SaaS platforms.

Darktrace is the only vendor that provides native visibility and threat detection across OT/IoT, IT, cloud, and SaaS environments — all in a single platform. This means:

  • Cranes and other physical process control networks are monitored in the same dashboard as Active Directory and Office 365.
  • Threats that start in the cloud (e.g., phishing, SaaS token theft) and pivot or attempt to pivot into OT are caught early — eliminating blind spots that siloed tools miss.

This unification is critical to meeting USCG requirements for network-wide monitoring, risk identification, and incident response.

AI that understands your environment. Not just known threats

Darktrace’s AI doesn’t rely on rules or signatures. Instead, it uses Self-Learning AI TM that builds a unique “pattern of life” for every device, protocol, user, and network segment, whether it’s a crane router or PLC, SCADA server, Workstation, or Linux file server.

  • No predefined baselines or manual training
  • Real-time anomaly detection for zero-days, ransomware, and supply chain compromise
  • Continuous adaptation to new devices, configurations, and operations

This approach is critical in diverse distributed OT environments where change and anomalous activity on the network are more frequent. It also dramatically reduces the time and expertise needed to classify and inventory assets, even for unknown or custom-built systems.

Supporting incident response requirements

A key USCG requirement is that cybersecurity plans must support effective incident response.

Key expectations include:

  • Defined response roles and procedures: Personnel must know what to do and when (RS.CO-1).
  • Timely reporting: Incidents must be reported and categorized according to established criteria (RS.CO-2, RS.AN-4).
  • Effective communication: Information must be shared internally and externally, including voluntary collaboration with law enforcement and industry peers (RS.CO-3 through RS.CO-5).
  • Thorough analysis: Alerts must be investigated, impacts understood, and forensic evidence gathered to support decision-making and recovery (RS.AN-1 through RS.AN-5).
  • Swift mitigation: Incidents must be contained and resolved efficiently, with newly discovered vulnerabilities addressed or documented (RS.MI-1 through RS.MI-3).
  • Ongoing improvement: Organizations must refine their response plans using lessons learned from past incidents (RS.IM-1 and RS.IM-2).

That means detections need to be clear, accurate, and actionable.

Darktrace cuts through the noise using AI that prioritizes only high-confidence incidents and provides natural-language narratives and investigative reports that explain:

  • What’s happening, where it’s happening, when it’s happening
  • Why it’s unusual
  • How to respond

Result: Port security teams often lean and multi-tasked can meet USCG response-time expectations and reporting needs without needing to scale headcount or triage hundreds of alerts.

Built-for-edge deployment

Maritime environments are constrained. Many traditional SaaS deployment types often are unsuitable for tugboats, cranes, or air-gapped terminal systems.

Darktrace builds and maintains its own ruggedized, purpose-built appliances and unique virtual deployment options that:

  • Deploy directly into crane networks or terminal enclosures
  • Require no configuration or tuning, drop-in ready
  • Support secure over-the-air updates and fleet management
  • Operate without cloud dependency, supporting isolated and air-gapped systems

Use case: Multiple ports have been able to deploy Darktrace directly into the crane’s switch enclosure, securing lateral movement paths without interfering with the crane control software itself.

Segmentation enforcement & real-time threat containment

Darktrace visualizes real-time connectivity and attack pathways across IT, OT, and IoT it and integrates with firewalls (e.g., Fortinet, Cisco, Palo Alto) to enforce segmentation using AI insights alongside Darktrace’s own native autonomous and human confirmed response capabilities.

Benefits of autonomous and human confirmed response:

  • Auto-isolate rogue devices before the threat can escalate
  • Quarantine a suspicious connectivity with confidence operations won’t be halted
  • Autonomously buy time for human responders during off-hours or holidays
  • This ensures segmentation isn't just documented but that in the case of its failure or exploitation responses are performed as a compensating control

No reliance on 3rd parties or external connectivity

Darktrace’s supply chain integrity is a core part of its value to critical infrastructure customers. Unlike solutions that rely on indirect data collection or third-party appliances, Darktrace:

  • Uses in-house engineered sensors and appliances
  • Does not require transmission of data to or from the cloud

This ensures confidence in both your cyber visibility and the security of the tools you deploy.

See examples here of how Darktrace stopped supply chain attacks:

Readiness for USCG and Beyond

With a self-learning system that adapts to each unique port environment, Darktrace helps maritime operators not just comply but build lasting cyber resilience in a high-threat landscape.

Cybersecurity is no longer optional for U.S. ports its operationally and nationally critical. Darktrace delivers the intelligence, automation, and precision needed to meet USCG requirements and protect the digital lifeblood of the modern port.

Continue reading
About the author
Daniel Simonds
Director of Operational Technology
Your data. Our AI.
Elevate your network security with Darktrace AI