September 6, 2023

The Rise of MaaS & Lumma Info Stealer

Discover the rise of the Lumma info stealer and its implications for cybersecurity. Learn how this malware targets sensitive information.

Written by

Emily Megan Lim

Cyber Analyst

Inside the SOC

Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.

Written by

Emily Megan Lim

Cyber Analyst

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Sep 2023

What are Malware-as-a-Service information stealers?

The Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) model continues provide would-be threat actors with an inexpensive and relatively straightforward way to carry out sophisticated cyber attacks and achieve their nefarious goals. One common type of MaaS are information stealers that specialize in gathering and exfiltrating sensitive data, such as login credentials and bank details, from affected devices, potentially resulting in significant financial losses for organizations and individuals alike.

What is Lumma Information Stealer?

One such information stealer, dubbed “Lumma”, has been advertised and sold on numerous dark web forums since 2022. Lumma stealer primarily targets cryptocurrency wallets, browser extensions and two-factor authentication (2FA), before ultimately stealing sensitive information from compromised machines. The number of sightings of this malware being distributed on dark web forums is on the rise [1], and thus far, more than a dozen command-and-control (C2) servers have been observed in the wild.

Between January and April 2023, Darktrace observed and investigated multiple instances of Lumma stealer activity across the customer base. Thanks to its anomaly-based approach to threat detection, Darktrace / NETWORK is able to successfully identify and provide visibility over activity associated with such info-stealers, from C2 activity through to the eventual exfiltration of sensitive data.

Lumma Stealer Background

Lumma stealer, previously known as LummaC2, is a subscription-based information stealer that has been observed in the wild since 2022.

It is believed to have been developed by the threat actor “Shamel”, under the the alias “Lumma”. The info-stealer has been advertised on dark web forums and also a channel on the Telegram messenger server, which boasts over a thousand subscribers as of May 2023 [2], and is also available on Lumma’s official seller page for as little as USD 250 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: LummaC2’s official seller website [3].

Research on the Russian Market selling stolen credentials has shown that Lumma stealer has been an emerging since early 2023, and joins the list of info stealers that have been on the rise, including Vidar and Racoon [1].

Similar to other info-stealers, Lumma is able to obtain system and installed program data from compromised devices, alongside sensitive information such as cookies, usernames and passwords, credit card numbers, connection history, and cryptocurrency wallet data.

Between January and April 2023, Darktrace has observed Lumma malware activity across multiple customer deployments mostly in the EMEA region, but also in the US. This included data exfiltration to external endpoints related to the Lumma malware. It is likely that this activity resulted from the download of trojanized software files or users falling victim to malicious emails containing Lumma payloads.

Lumma Attack Details and Darktrace Coverage

Typically, Lumma has been distributed disguised as cracked or fake popular software like VLC or ChatGPT. Recently though, threat actors have also delivered the malware through emails containing payloads in the form of attachments or links impersonating well-known companies. For example, in February 2023, a streamer in South Korea was targeted with a spear-phishing email in which the sender impersonated the video game company Bandai Namco [4].

Lumma is known to target Windows operating systems from Windows 7 to 11 and at least 10 different browsers including Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Mozilla Firefox [5]. It has also been observed targeting crypto wallets like Binance and Ethereum, as well as crypto wallet and 2FA browser extensions like Metamask and Authenticator respectively [6]. Data from applications such as AnyDesk or KeePass can also be exfiltrated by the malware [7].

An infection with Lumma can lead to the user's information being abused for fraud, for example, using stolen credentials to hijack bank accounts, which in turn could result in significant financial losses.

Once the targeted data is obtained, it is exfiltrated to a C2 server, as Darktrace has observed on multiple customer environments affected with Lumma stealer. Darktrace identified multiple infected devices exfiltrating data via HTTP POST requests to known Lumma C2 servers. During these connections, Darktrace commonly observed the URI “/c2sock” and the user agent “TeslaBrowser/5.5”.

In one instance, Darktrace detected a device using the “TeslaBrowser/5.5” user agent, which it recognized as a new user agent for this device, whilst making a HTTP post request to an unusual IP address, 82.117.255[.]127 (Figure 3). Darktrace’s Self-Learning AI understood that this represented a deviation from expected behavior for this device and brought it to the attention of the customer’s security team.

Figure 2: Device Event Log on the Darktrace Threat Visualizer showing activity from a device infected with Lumma stealer and the models it breached.

Further investigation revealed that accessing the IP address using a web browser and changing the the URI to “/login”, would take a user to a Russian Lumma control panel access page (Figure 4)

Figure 3: One of Lumma stealer’s C2 servers accessed via a web browser in a secured environment.

A deep dive into the packet captures (PCAP) of the HTTP POST requests taken from one device also confirmed that browser data, including Google Chrome history files, system information in the form of a System.txt file, and other program data such as AnyDesk configuration files were being exfiltrated from the customer’s network(Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 4: HTTP objects observed during Lumma Stealer POSTing of data to another one of its C2 servers.

Figure 5: PCAP of HTTP stream showing the different types of data being exfiltrated.

Additionally, on one particular device, Darktrace observed malicious external connections related to other malware strains, like Laplas Clipper, Raccoon Stealer, Vidar, RedLine info-stealers and trojans, around the same time as the Lumma C2 connections. These info-stealers are commonly marketed as MaaS and can be bought and used for a relatively inexpensive price by even the most inexperienced threat actors. It is also likely that the developers of these info-stealers have been making efforts to integrate their strains into the activities of traffer teams [8], organized cybercrime groups who specialize in credential theft with the use of info-stealers.

Conclusion

Mirroring the general emergence and rise of information stealers across the cyber threat landscape, Lumma stealer continues to represent a significant concern to orgaizations and individuals alike.

Moreover, as yet another example of MaaS, Lumma is readily available for threat actors to launch their attacks, regardless of their level of expertise, meaning the number of incidents is only likely to rise. As such, it is essential for organizations to have security measures in place that are able to recognize unusual behavior that may be indicative of an info-stealer compromise, while not relying on a static list of indicators of compromise (IoCs).

Darktrace's anomaly-based detection enabled it to uncover the presence of Lumma across multiple customer environments across different regions and industries. From the detection of unusual connections to C2 infrastructure to the ultimate exfiltration of customer data, Darktrace provided affected customers full visibility over Lumma infections, allowing them to identify compromised devices and take action to prevent further data loss and reduce the risk of incurring significant financial losses.

[related-resource]

Appendices

Credit to: Emily Megan Lim, Cyber Security Analyst, Signe Zaharka, Senior Cyber Security Analyst

Darktrace DETECT Models

· Anomalous Connection / New User Agent to IP Without Hostname

· Device / New User Agent and New IP

· Device / New User Agent

· Anomalous Connection / Posting HTTP to IP Without Hostname

Cyber AI Analyst Incidents

· Possible HTTP Command and Control

· Possible HTTP Command and Control to Multiple Endpoints

List of IoCs

IoC - Type - Description + Confidence

144.76.173[.]247

IP address

Lumma C2 Infrastructure

‍

45.9.74[.]78

IP address

Lumma C2 Infrastructure

‍

77.73.134[.]68

IP address

Lumma C2 Infrastructure

‍

82.117.255[.]127

IP address

Lumma C2 Infrastructure

‍

82.117.255[.]80

IP address

Lumma C2 Infrastructure

‍

82.118.23[.]50

IP address

Lumma C2 Infrastructure

‍

/c2sock

URI

Lumma C2 POST Request

‍

TeslaBrowser/5.5

User agent

Lumma C2 POST Request

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Tactic: Command and Control -

Technique: T1071.001 – Web Protocols

References

[1] https://www.kelacyber.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/KELA_Research_Infostealers_2023_full-report.pdf

[2] https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/the-new-info-stealing-malware-operations-to-watch-out-for/

[3] https://blog.cyble.com/2023/01/06/lummac2-stealer-a-potent-threat-to-crypto-users/

[4] https://medium.com/s2wblog/lumma-stealer-targets-youtubers-via-spear-phishing-email-ade740d486f7

[5] https://socradar.io/malware-analysis-lummac2-stealer/

[6] https://outpost24.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-lummac2-stealer

[7] https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/50594/

[8] https://blog.sekoia.io/bluefox-information-stealer-traffer-maas/

Get the latest insights on emerging cyber threats

This report explores the latest trends shaping the cybersecurity landscape and what defenders need to know in 2025

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Written by

Emily Megan Lim

Cyber Analyst

Product Marketing Manager, OT Security & Compliance

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Network

May 16, 2025

Catching a RAT: How Darktrace neutralized AsyncRAT

What is a RAT?

As the proliferation of new and more advanced cyber threats continues, the Remote Access Trojan (RAT) remains a classic tool in a threat actor's arsenal. RATs, whether standardized or custom-built, enable attackers to remotely control compromised devices, facilitating a range of malicious activities.

What is AsyncRAT?

Since its first appearance in 2019, AsyncRAT has become increasingly popular among a wide range of threat actors, including cybercriminals and advanced persistent threat (APT) groups.

Originally available on GitHub as a legitimate tool, its open-source nature has led to widespread exploitation. AsyncRAT has been used in numerous campaigns, including prolonged attacks on essential US infrastructure, and has even reportedly penetrated the Chinese cybercriminal underground market [1] [2].

How does AsyncRAT work?

Original source code analysis of AsyncRAT demonstrates that once installed, it establishes persistence via techniques such as creating scheduled tasks or registry keys and uses SeDebugPrivilege to gain elevated privileges [3].

Its key features include:

Keylogging
File search
Remote audio and camera access
Exfiltration techniques
Staging for final payload delivery

These are generally typical functions found in traditional RATs. However, it also boasts interesting anti-detection capabilities. Due to the popularity of Virtual Machines (VM) and sandboxes for dynamic analysis, this RAT checks for the manufacturer via the WMI query 'Select * from Win32_ComputerSystem' and looks for strings containing 'VMware' and 'VirtualBox' [4].

Darktrace’s coverage of AsyncRAT

In late 2024 and early 2025, Darktrace observed a spike in AsyncRAT activity across various customer environments. Multiple indicators of post-compromise were detected, including devices attempting or successfully connecting to endpoints associated with AsyncRAT.

On several occasions, Darktrace identified a clear association with AsyncRAT through the digital certificates of the highlighted SSL endpoints. Darktrace’s Real-time Detection effectively identified and alerted on suspicious activities related to AsyncRAT. In one notable incident, Darktrace’s Autonomous Response promptly took action to contain the emerging threat posed by AsyncRAT.

AsyncRAT attack overview

On December 20, 2024, Darktrace first identified the use of AsyncRAT, noting a device successfully establishing SSL connections to the uncommon external IP 185.49.126[.]50 (AS199654 Oxide Group Limited) via port 6606. The IP address appears to be associated with AsyncRAT as flagged by open-source intelligence (OSINT) sources [5]. This activity triggered the device to alert the ‘Anomalous Connection / Rare External SSL Self-Signed' model.

Figure 1: Model alert in Darktrace / NETWORK showing the repeated SSL connections to a rare external Self-Signed endpoint, 185.49.126[.]50.

Following these initial connections, the device was observed making a significantly higher number of connections to the same endpoint 185.49.126[.]50 via port 6606 over an extended period. This pattern suggested beaconing activity and triggered the 'Compromise/Beaconing Activity to External Rare' model alert.

Further analysis of the original source code, available publicly, outlines the default ports used by AsyncRAT clients for command-and-control (C2) communications [6]. It reveals that port 6606 is the default port for creating a new AsyncRAT client. Darktrace identified both the Certificate Issuer and the Certificate Subject as "CN=AsyncRAT Server". This SSL certificate encrypts the packets between the compromised system and the server. These indicators of compromise (IoCs) detected by Darktrace further suggest that the device was successfully connecting to a server associated with AsyncRAT.

Figure 2: Model alert in Darktrace / NETWORK displaying the Digital Certificate attributes, IP address and port number associated with AsyncRAT.

Figure 3: Darktrace’s detection of repeated connections to the suspicious IP address 185.49.126[.]50 over port 6606, indicative of beaconing behavior.

Figure 4: Darktrace's Autonomous Response actions blocking the suspicious IP address,185.49.126[.]50.

A few days later, the same device was detected making numerous connections to a different IP address, 195.26.255[.]81 (AS40021 NL-811-40021), via various ports including 2106, 6606, 7707, and 8808. Notably, ports 7707 and 8808 are also default ports specified in the original AsyncRAT source code [6].

Figure 5: Darktrace’s detection of connections to the suspicious endpoint 195.26.255[.]81, where the default ports (6606, 7707, and 8808) for AsyncRAT were observed.

Similar to the activity observed with the first endpoint, 185.49.126[.]50, the Certificate Issuer for the connections to 195.26.255[.]81 was identified as "CN=AsyncRAT Server". Further OSINT investigation confirmed associations between the IP address 195.26.255[.]81 and AsyncRAT [7].

Figure 6: Darktrace's detection of a connection to the suspicious IP address 195.26.255[.]81 and the domain name identified under the common name (CN) of a certificate as AsyncRAT Server.

Once again, Darktrace's Autonomous Response acted swiftly, blocking the connections to 195.26.255[.]81 throughout the observed AsyncRAT activity.

Figure 7: Darktrace's Autonomous Response actions were applied against the suspicious IP address 195.26.255[.]81.

A day later, Darktrace again alerted to further suspicious activity from the device. This time, connections to the suspicious endpoint 'kashuub[.]com' and IP address 191.96.207[.]246 via port 8041 were observed. Further analysis of port 8041 suggests it is commonly associated with ScreenConnect or Xcorpeon ASIC Carrier Ethernet Transport [8]. ScreenConnect has been observed in recent campaign’s where AsyncRAT has been utilized [9]. Additionally, one of the ASN’s observed, namely ‘ASN Oxide Group Limited’, was seen in both connections to kashuub[.]com and 185.49.126[.]50.

This could suggest a parallel between the two endpoints, indicating they might be hosting AsyncRAT C2 servers, as inferred from our previous analysis of the endpoint 185.49.126[.]50 and its association with AsyncRAT [5]. OSINT reporting suggests that the “kashuub[.]com” endpoint may be associated with ScreenConnect scam domains, further supporting the assumption that the endpoint could be a C2 server.

Darktrace’s Autonomous Response technology was once again able to support the customer here, blocking connections to “kashuub[.]com”. Ultimately, this intervention halted the compromise and prevented the attack from escalating or any sensitive data from being exfiltrated from the customer’s network into the hands of the threat actors.

Figure 8: Darktrace’s Autonomous Response applied a total of nine actions against the IP address 191.96.207[.]246 and the domain 'kashuub[.]com', successfully blocking the connections.

Due to the popularity of this RAT, it is difficult to determine the motive behind the attack; however, from existing knowledge of what the RAT does, we can assume accessing and exfiltrating sensitive customer data may have been a factor.

Conclusion

While some cybercriminals seek stability and simplicity, openly available RATs like AsyncRAT provide the infrastructure and open the door for even the most amateur threat actors to compromise sensitive networks. As the cyber landscape continually shifts, RATs are now being used in all types of attacks.

Darktrace’s suite of AI-driven tools provides organizations with the infrastructure to achieve complete visibility and control over emerging threats within their network environment. Although AsyncRAT’s lack of concealment allowed Darktrace to quickly detect the developing threat and alert on unusual behaviors, it was ultimately Darktrace Autonomous Response's consistent blocking of suspicious connections that prevented a more disruptive attack.

Credit to Isabel Evans (Cyber Analyst), Priya Thapa (Cyber Analyst) and Ryan Traill (Analyst Content Lead)

‍

Appendices

Real-time Detection Models
- Compromise / Suspicious SSL Activity
- Compromise / Beaconing Activity To External Rare
- Compromise / High Volume of Connections with Beacon Score
- Anomalous Connection / Suspicious Self-Signed SSL
- Compromise / Sustained SSL or HTTP Increase
- Compromise / SSL Beaconing to Rare Destination
- Compromise / Suspicious Beaconing Behaviour
- Compromise / Large Number of Suspicious Failed Connections
Autonomous Response Models
- Antigena / Network / Significant Anomaly / Antigena Controlled and Model Alert
- Antigena / Network / Significant Anomaly / Antigena Enhanced Monitoring from Client Block

List of IoCs

· 185.49.126[.]50 - IP – AsyncRAT C2 Endpoint

· 195.26.255[.]81 – IP - AsyncRAT C2 Endpoint

· 191.96.207[.]246 – IP – Likely AsyncRAT C2 Endpoint

· CN=AsyncRAT Server - SSL certificate - AsyncRATC2 Infrastructure

· Kashuub[.]com– Hostname – Likely AsyncRAT C2 Endpoint

‍

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping:

Tactic –Technique – Sub-Technique

Execution– T1053 - Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task

DefenceEvasion – T1497 - Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion: System Checks

Discovery– T1057 – Process Discovery

Discovery– T1082 – System Information Discovery

LateralMovement - T1021.001 - Remote Services: Remote Desktop Protocol

Collection/ Credential Access – T1056 – Input Capture: Keylogging

Collection– T1125 – Video Capture

Commandand Control – T1105 - Ingress Tool Transfer

Commandand Control – T1219 - Remote Access Software

Exfiltration– T1041 - Exfiltration Over C2 Channel

References

[1] https://blog.talosintelligence.com/operation-layover-how-we-tracked-attack/

[2] https://intel471.com/blog/china-cybercrime-undergrond-deepmix-tea-horse-road-great-firewall

[3] https://www.attackiq.com/2024/08/01/emulate-asyncrat/

[4] https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/spear-phishing-campaign-with-new-techniques-aimed-at-aviation-companies

[5] https://www.virustotal.com/gui/ip-address/185.49.126[.]50/community

[6] https://dfir.ch/posts/asyncrat_quasarrat/

[7] https://www.virustotal.com/gui/ip-address/195.26.255[.]81

[8] https://www.speedguide.net/port.php?port=8041

[9] https://www.esentire.com/blog/exploring-the-infection-chain-screenconnects-link-to-asyncrat-deployment

[10] https://scammer.info/t/taking-out-connectwise-sites/153479/518?page=26

About the author

Isabel Evans

Cyber Analyst

Blog

OT

May 13, 2025

Revolutionizing OT Risk Prioritization with Darktrace 6.3

Powering smarter protection for industrial systems

In industrial environments, security challenges are deeply operational. Whether you’re running a manufacturing line, a power grid, or a semiconductor fabrication facility (fab), you need to know: What risks can truly disrupt my operations, and what should I focus on first?

Teams need the right tools to shift from reactive defense, constantly putting out fires, to proactively thinking about their security posture. However, most OT teams are stuck using IT-centric tools that don’t speak the language of industrial systems, are consistently overwhelmed with static CVE lists, and offer no understanding of OT-specific protocols. The result? Compliance gaps, siloed insights, and risk models that don’t reflect real-world exposure, making risk prioritization seem like a luxury.

Darktrace / OT 6.3 was built in direct response to these challenges. Developed in close collaboration with OT operators and engineers, this release introduces powerful upgrades that deliver the context, visibility, and automation security teams need, without adding complexity. It’s everything OT defenders need to protect critical operations in one platform that understands the language of industrial systems.

Contextual risk modeling with smarter Risk Scoring

Darktrace / OT 6.3 introduces major upgrades to OT Risk Management, helping teams move beyond generic CVE lists with AI-driven risk scoring and attack path modeling.

By factoring in real-world exploitability, asset criticality, and operational context, this release delivers a more accurate view of what truly puts critical systems at risk.

The platform now integrates:

CISA’s Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) database
End-of-life status for legacy OT devices
Firewall misconfiguration analysis
Incident response plan alignment

Most OT environments are flooded with vulnerability data that lacks context. CVE scores often misrepresent risk by ignoring how threats move through the environment or whether assets are even reachable. Firewalls are frequently misconfigured or undocumented, and EOL (End of Life) devices, some of the most vulnerable, often go untracked.

Legacy tools treat these inputs in isolation. Darktrace unifies them, showing teams exactly which attack paths adversaries could exploit, mapped to the MITRE ATT&CK framework, with visibility into where legacy tech increases exposure.

The result: teams can finally focus on the risks that matter most to uptime, safety, and resilience without wasting resources on noise.

Automating compliance with dynamic IEC-62443 reporting

Darktrace / OT now includes a purpose-built IEC-62443-3-3 compliance module, giving industrial teams real-time visibility into their alignment with regulatory standards. No spreadsheets required!

Industrial environments are among the most heavily regulated. However, for many OT teams, staying compliant is still a manual, time-consuming process.

Darktrace / OT introduces a dedicated IEC-62443-3-3 module designed specifically for industrial environments. Security and operations teams can now map their security posture to IEC standards in real time, directly within the platform. The module automatically gathers evidence across all four security levels, flags non-compliance, and generates structured reports to support audit preparation, all in just a few clicks.Most organizations rely on spreadsheets or static tools to track compliance, without clear visibility into which controls meet standards like IEC-62443. The result is hidden gaps, resource-heavy audits, and slow remediation cycles.

Even dedicated compliance tools are often built for IT, require complex setup, and overlook the unique devices found in OT environments. This leaves teams stuck with fragmented reporting and limited assurance that their controls are actually aligned with regulatory expectations.

By automating compliance tracking, surfacing what matters most, and being purpose built for industrial environments, Darktrace / OT empowers organizations to reduce audit fatigue, eliminate blind spots, and focus resources where they’re needed most.

Expanding protocol visibility with deep insights for specialized OT operations

Darktrace has expanded its Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) capabilities to support five industry-specific protocols, across healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, and ABB control systems.

The new protocols build on existing capabilities across all OT industry verticals and protocol types to ensure the Darktrace Self-Learning AI ^TM can learn intelligently about even more assets in complex industrial environments. By enabling native, AI-driven inspection of these protocols, Darktrace can identify both security threats and operational issues without relying on additional appliances or complex integrations.

Most security platforms lack native support for industry-specific protocols, creating critical visibility gaps in customer environments like healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, and ABB-heavy industrial automation. Without deep protocol awareness, organizations struggle to accurately identify specialized OT and IoT assets, detect malicious activity concealed within proprietary protocol traffic, and generate reliable device risk profiles due to insufficient telemetry.

These blind spots result in incomplete asset inventories, and ultimately, flawed risk posture assessments which over-index for CVE patching and legacy equipment.

By combining protocol-aware detection with full-stack visibility across IT, OT, and IoT, Darktrace’s AI can correlate anomalies across domains. For example, connecting an anomaly from a Medical IoT (MIoT) device with suspicious behavior in IT systems, providing actionable, contextual insights other solutions often miss.

Conclusion

Together, these capabilities take OT security beyond alert noise and basic CVE matching, delivering continuous compliance, protocol-aware visibility, and actionable, prioritized risk insights, all inside a single, unified platform built for the realities of industrial environments.

[related-resource]

About the author

Pallavi Singh

Product Marketing Manager, OT Security & Compliance

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The Rise of MaaS & Lumma Info Stealer

What are Malware-as-a-Service information stealers?

What is Lumma Information Stealer?

Lumma Stealer Background

Lumma Attack Details and Darktrace Coverage

Conclusion

Appendices

List of IoCs

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

References

Get the latest insights on emerging cyber threats

Catching a RAT: How Darktrace neutralized AsyncRAT

Revolutionizing OT Risk Prioritization with Darktrace 6.3

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Blog

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May 16, 2025

Catching a RAT: How Darktrace neutralized AsyncRAT

What is a RAT?

What is AsyncRAT?

How does AsyncRAT work?

Darktrace’s coverage of AsyncRAT

AsyncRAT attack overview

Conclusion

Appendices

Blog

OT

May 13, 2025

Revolutionizing OT Risk Prioritization with Darktrace 6.3

Powering smarter protection for industrial systems

Contextual risk modeling with smarter Risk Scoring

Automating compliance with dynamic IEC-62443 reporting

Expanding protocol visibility with deep insights for specialized OT operations

Conclusion