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March 12, 2024

Cloud Migration Strategies, Services and Risks

Explore strategies, services, and risks associated with mastering cloud migration. Learn more here about hybrid cloud model, benefits, and migration phases.
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Adam Stevens
Senior Director of Product, Cloud | Darktrace
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12
Mar 2024

What is cloud migration?

Cloud migration, in its simplest form, refers to the process of moving digital assets, such as data, applications, and IT resources, from on-premises infrastructure or legacy systems to cloud computing environments. There are various flavours of migration and utilization, but according to a survey conducted by IBM, one of the most common is the 'Hybrid' approach, with around 77% of businesses adopting a hybrid cloud approach.

There are three key components of a hybrid cloud migration model:

  1. On-Premises (On-Prem): Physical location with some amount of hardware and networking, traditionally a data centre.
  2. Public Cloud: Third-party providers like AWS, Azure, and Google, who offer multiple services such as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
  3. Private Cloud: A cloud computing environment where resources are isolated for one customer.

Why does cloud migration matter for enterprises?

Cloud adoption provides many benefits to businesses, including:

  1. Scalability: Cloud environments allow enterprises to scale resources up or down based on demand, enabling them to quickly adapt to changing business requirements.
  2. Flexibility and Agility: Cloud platforms provide greater flexibility and agility, enabling enterprises to innovate and deploy new services more rapidly compared to traditional on-premises infrastructure.
  3. Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go model, allowing enterprises to reduce capital expenditures on hardware and infrastructure.
  4. Enhanced Security: Cloud service providers invest heavily in security measures to protect data and infrastructure, offering advanced security features and compliance certifications.

The combination of these benefits provides significant potential for businesses to innovate and move quickly, ultimately allowing them to be flexible and adapt to changing market conditions, customer demands, and technological advancements with greater agility and efficiency.

Cloud migration strategy

There are multiple migration strategies a business can adopt, including:

  1. Rehosting (Lift-and-shift): Quickly completed but may lead to increased costs for running workloads.
  2. Refactoring (Cloud Native): Designed specifically for the cloud but requires a steep learning curve and staff training on new processes.
  3. Hybrid Cloud: Mix of on-premises and public cloud use, offering flexibility and scalability while keeping data secure on-premises. This can introduce complexities in setup and management overhead and requires ensuring security and compliance in both environments.

It is important to note that each strategy has its trade-offs and there is no single gold standard for a one size fits all cloud migration strategy. Different businesses will prioritize and leverage different benefits, for instance while some might prefer a rehosting strategy as it gets them migrated the fastest, it typically ends up also being the most costly strategy as “lift-and-shift” doesn’t take advantage of many key benefits that the cloud has to offer. Conversely, refactoring is a strategy optimized at making the most of the benefits that cloud providers have to offer, however the process of redesigning applications requires cloud expertise and based on the scale of applications that are required to be refactored this strategy might not be the quickest when it comes to moving applications from being hosted on premise to in the cloud.  

Phases of a cloud migration

At the highest level, there are four main steps in a successful migration:

  1. Discover: Identify and categorize IT assets, applications, and critical dependencies.
  2. Plan: Develop a detailed migration plan, including timelines, resource allocation, and risk management strategies.
  3. Migrate: Execute the migration plan, minimizing disruption to business operations.
  4. Optimize: Continuously optimize the cloud environment using automation, performance monitoring, and cost management tools to improve efficiency, performance, and scalability.

While it is natural to race towards the end goals of a cloud migration, most successful cloud migration strategies allocate the appropriate timelines to each phase.  

The “Discover” phase specifically is where most businesses can set themselves up for success. Having a complete understanding of assets, applications, services, and dependencies needed to migrate however is much easier said than done. Given the pace of change and how laborious of a task inventorying everything can be to manage and maintain, most mistakes at this stage will propagate and amplify through the migration journey.  

Risks and challenges of cloud migration

Though cloud migration offers a wealth of benefits, it also introduces new risks that need to be accounted for and managed effectively. Security should be considered a fundamental part of the process, not an additional measure that can be ‘bolted’ on at the end.

Let’s consider the most popular migration strategy, using a ‘Hybrid Cloud’. A recent report by the industry analyst group Forrester cited that Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) tools are just one facet of security, stating:

"No matter how good it is, using a CSPM solution alone will not provide you with full visibility, detection, and effective remediation capabilities for all threats. Your adversaries are also targeting operating systems, existing on-prem network infrastructure, and applications in their quest to steal valuable data".

Unpacking some of the risks here, it’s clear they fall into a range of categories, including:

  1. Security Concerns: Ensuring security across both on-premises and cloud environments, addressing potential misconfigurations and vulnerabilities.
  2. Contextual Understanding: Effective security requires a deep understanding of the organization's business processes and the context in which data and applications operate.
  3. Threat Detection and Response: Identifying and responding to threats in real-time requires advanced capabilities such as AI and anomaly detection.
  4. Platform Approach: Deploying integrated security solutions that provide end-to-end visibility, centralized management, and automated responses across hybrid infrastructure.

Since the cloud doesn’t operate in a vacuum, businesses will always have a myriad of 3rd party applications, users, endpoints, external services, and partners connecting and interacting with their cloud environments. From this perspective, being able to correlate and understand behaviors and activity both within the cloud and its surroundings becomes imperative.

It then follows that context from a business wide perspective is necessary. This has two distinct implications, the first is application or workload specific context (i.e. where do the assets, services, and functions alerted on reside within the cloud application) and the second is business wide context. Given the volume of alerts that security practitioners need to manage, findings that lack the appropriate context to fully understand and resolve the issue create additional strain on teams that are already managing a difficult challenge.  

Conclusion

With that in mind, Darktrace’s approach to security, with its existing and new advances in Cloud Detection and Response capabilities, anomaly detection across SaaS applications, and native ability to leverage many AI techniques to understand the business context within your dynamic cloud environment and on-premises infrastructure. It provides you with the integrated building blocks to provide the ‘360’ degree view required to detect and respond to threats before, during, and long after your enterprise migrates to the cloud.

References

IBM Transformation Index: State of Cloud https://www.ibm.com/blog/hybrid-cloud-use-cases/

https://www.forrester.com/report/the-top-trends-shaping-cloud-security-posture-management-cspm-in-2024/RES180379  

Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Adam Stevens
Senior Director of Product, Cloud | Darktrace

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June 2, 2026

Stopping Stealth Attacks with Precision: How Núclea Prevented a Breach Without Disruption

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Núclea is a Brazilian data and technology company that supports the country’s financial system by delivering digital services exclusively to banks and financial institutions. Operating in an environment where trust, availability, and data integrity are critical, the company faces a threat landscape that has evolved rapidly—particularly with the rise of AI-driven cyberattacks.

Brazil has experienced a wave of successful cyber incidents targeting financial institutions, many of them enabled by insiders or compromised credentials. The result was a noticeable shift in attacker strategy: instead of focusing on end customers, threat actors began targeting the institutions and platforms that underpin the financial ecosystem itself.

“Attacks became far more directed and contextual,” explains Guilherme, who leads incident response within Núclea’s security platform engineering team. “They weren’t noisy or obviously malicious—they were precise, patient, and designed to blend into normal operations.”

That precision was on full display in January 2026, when Núclea faced one of the most convincing phishing attacks the team had seen.

A real attack, built on trust and context

The attack began with a seemingly routine email.

It was sent from a real Brazilian government institution, using legitimate infrastructure and valid credentials that were later confirmed to have been compromised. Núclea had an established, ongoing relationship with this organization, and the email’s language, tone, and subject matter aligned perfectly with the type of communication the recipient team handled every day.

Attached to the email was a PDF document containing content that looked entirely legitimate.

The problem? A single URL embedded inside that PDF.

“The message itself was correct. The sender was real. The context was familiar. Even the document content made sense,” Guilherme explains. “There was just one small element that didn’t belong.”

That small detail was enough to initiate a full attack chain.

What the attackers were trying to do

If clicked, the URL would have downloaded a malicious payload designed to:

  • Collect information about the user and device
  • Identify where the system was located within the financial ecosystem
  • Install remote access tools to maintain control
  • Deploy an infostealer to extract sensitive data
  • Execute anti-forensic scripts to erase traces of the intrusion

In other words, it was a carefully engineered operation designed for persistence and stealth, not immediate disruption.

The attack also employed urgency—a classic social engineering technique. When the link didn’t open as expected, employees requested assistance from the security team, insisting the document was important and needed to be accessed quickly.

This is precisely the kind of scenario where traditional security tools struggle: almost everything about the interaction is legitimate.

Where Darktrace made the difference

Instead of blocking the entire message or relying on known indicators of compromise, Darktrace focused on behavioral context.

Darktrace recognized:

  • That the sending organization was normally trusted
  • That the communication pattern matched historical behavior
  • That the PDF content itself was not suspicious

But it also identified that the URL embedded within the document deviated from established behavioral patterns.

Rather than disrupting business operations, Darktrace took precise action: it rewrote the URL, preventing the malicious download while leaving the rest of the email untouched.

“When we analyzed it afterward, it became clear how dangerous the attack would have been,” says Guilherme. “But it never progressed—because Darktrace acted at exactly the right point.”

Subsequent forensic analysis confirmed the payload’s malicious intent. The attack never succeeded.

Precision over disruption

For Núclea, this incident reinforced a critical lesson: modern attacks don’t always look malicious—they hide within normal activity.

“What stands out to me is the precision,” Guilherme says. “Darktrace doesn’t rely on big, obvious signals. It’s effective in situations that fall outside the standard patterns we all know.”

Building resilience in a high trust ecosystem

For Núclea, cybersecurity is not just a defensive measure—it’s a business enabler.

Availability failures or successful breaches in the financial ecosystem can have immediate, large-scale consequences, from financial loss to reputational damage. Preventing those outcomes protects not just Núclea, but its partners and customers as well.

“Cyber resilience means keeping the business running—even under attack,” Guilherme explains. “And that requires people, processes, and technology working together.”

As AI continues to accelerate both attacks and defenses, the role of security is evolving. Precision, behavioral understanding, and intelligent automation are no longer optional—they’re essential.

“The easy days were yesterday,” Guilherme says. “The challenges ahead are bigger. We need to be prepared—internally and with partners that help us build resilience.”

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June 1, 2026

効率化の裏にあるリスク:AI導入が製造現場にもたらす見えない脆弱性

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AIエージェントが製造業に与える影響

製造業界のセキュリティチームやIT担当者は、生産を守り、稼働時間を維持し、重要資産を保護するという絶え間ないプレッシャー下にあります。そしてAIは非常に大きなチャンスとともに、新たなサイバーリスクももたらしています。製造業全体で、AIはワークフローや意思決定に組み込まれつつあり、自律型AIエージェントが従業員やシステムに代わって行動する場面が増えています。

エージェント型システムは独立して行動できるため強力ですが、その同じ自律性がサイバーリスク、運用上のリスクも生み出します。エージェントは広範な権限を持ち、複雑なタスクの実行、意思決定、ツールや外部システムとのやり取りを、ほとんどまたは全く人間の介入なしに行うことができます。

あらかじめ定義されたタスクを実行する従来のAIモデルとは異なり、AIエージェントは高度なテクニックを使用して人間の意思決定プロセスを模倣することにより、新たな課題に動的に適応し、また自らの判断に基づいて意思決定し、アクションを実行します。彼らは業務の上では従業員のように見えますが、人間が持つ判断力、倫理観、または行動の結果に対する恐れが欠けています。これは、サイバー犯罪者によって簡単に操られる可能性があることを意味しており、OTネットワーク全体に埋め込まれたAIエージェントは、データ漏洩をはるかに超える脅威を生み出します。たとえば、BMWでは、AI は溶接プロセスのエラーの発生を識別するのに使われています。同社のスパータンバーグ(米サウスカロライナ州)の工場では、すべてのSUVフレーム上の300-400個のスタッドの溶接をAIが監視し、スタッドの配置間違いや欠陥を検知し直ちに修正します。このAIシステムが破損すれば壊滅的な品質管理問題につながる恐れがあります。

製造全体にエージェント型AIシステムを導入することについて多くのセキュリティチームはさまざまな懸念を示しています。ダークトレースの行ったAIサイバーセキュリティの現状調査では、製造業のセキュリティプロフェッショナルの78%が従業員によるAIエージェントの利用に懸念を抱いており、これは彼らの最も大きな危惧でした。それに続く問題点が従業員によるCopilotやChatGPT等の生成AIツールの使用であり、製造業のセキュリティプロフェッショナルの76%が懸念を抱いていました。これらのツールがますます多くのビジネスデータやプロセスにアクセスし、組織内でより多くの自律性を持つようになるにつれ、エージェントのアクティビティがほとんど可視化されていない現在、セキュリティチームにおいては機密データの露出(60%)や偶発的なポリシーおよび規制違反(59%)への懸念が高まっています。

外部からのAIによる脅威も急激に進化

製造業を変革しているのと同じAIの能力が、サイバー攻撃の形も変貌させています。

AIにより攻撃者は偵察を自動化し、標的をより高度に絞り込み、リアルタイムで適応できるようになっています。かつては人手による作業と時間を要していたことが、今では継続的かつ大規模に実行できるようになりました。そして、製造業はすでにその影響を実感しています。当社が調査した製造業のセキュリティプロフェッショナルの76%は、すでにAIを活用した脅威の影響を受けており、90%がAIによってソーシャルエンジニアリング攻撃の成功率が高まっていると回答しています。

また、攻撃のテクニック自体も進化しています。製造業界全体で、AIを利用した攻撃の経路の多様化に対する懸念が高まっています。特にリアルタイムで進化する適応型マルウェアについて、調査対象の製造業のセキュリティプロフェッショナルの半数近く(49%)が懸念しており、これは全産業の平均よりも9%高い数値です。AIを使った適応型マルウェアに続くその他の懸念には次が含まれます:

  • 自動化された脆弱性スキャンとエクスプロイトチェイニング(48%):Anthropicの新しいMythos AIモデルにより脆弱性探索が深刻化する中で、この問題は一層差し迫ったものとなっています。
  • 超パーソナライズされたフィッシングキャンペーン(46%):フィッシングは依然としてハッカーの主力兵器の1つであり、AIによってフィッシングメールはより説得力が高く検知困難なものとなり、その効果は増幅されました。

これは単に攻撃の量の増加だけでなく、攻撃の展開につれて静的な防御が対応できるよりも速く進化する脅威への変化なのです。

こうした認識が高まっているにもかかわらず、製造業の多くはまだこの変化に対応する準備ができていません。半数以上(51%)がAI駆動の脅威への準備が十分にできていないと回答し、AIの導入を管理する正式なポリシーを持っている組織はわずか37%でした。  

可視性、コンテキスト、およびガードレールを通じてAIのセキュリティを確保

これらの問題に対処するためにAIイノベーションを遅らせる必要はありません。それには、AIと同じスピードと規模で動作できる、これまでとは異なるアプローチのセキュリティが必要です。具体的には、製造業がAIの力を活用する上で、次の3つの優先課題が浮上しています。

可視性はすべての土台  

AIがどこで使用されているか、何にアクセスできるか、そしてITおよびOT環境にわたってどのように動作するかを理解する必要があります。それがなければ、リスクを測定したり管理したりすることはできません。ダークトレースの調査において、製造業のセキュリティプロフェッショナルの91%が、AIを信頼する前に、それがどのように意思決定を行うかを理解する必要があると回答したのは当然のことです。OT環境においてこのことはさらに重要です。稼働の中断は安全や環境、財務、および評判に大きな影響を及ぼすからです。

可視性をアクションにつなげるにはコンテキストが必要  

AIによって形作られる環境において、正常とされる挙動は絶えず変化します。つまり、脅威を検知するにはビヘイビアベースのアプローチが必要なのです。組織全体で生活パターンを理解し、わずかな逸脱をリアルタイムに検知すること- これは従来のセキュリティとリスク管理に対するアプローチからの根本的な変化です。

エージェントからの露出を防ぐガードレール  

AIシステムがより大きな責任を担うようになるなかで、組織はAIが何をできるか、そしていつ独立して行動できるかについて、明確な境界を設ける必要があります。これらのコントロールは何かがあってから適用されるのではなく、システム自体に組み込んでおかなければなりません。  

製造業のITおよびOT環境におけるAIエージェントのセキュリティ

エージェント型AIの出現は製造業を変革し、次世代のオペレーションを支える一方で、脅威ランドスケープも一変させています。これは単なる脅威の増加ではなく、自律型システムへの移行、挙動の絶え間ない変化、そしてマシンスピードで進行するリスクです。AIを活用しつつリスクを管理するという課題に取り組む組織にとって、可視性、コンテキスト、ガードレールはセキュリティの基盤となります。

Darktraceはこの基盤を実現することにより、製造業の安全なAIアプローチ構築を支援します。ITおよびOT環境全体を可視化し、異常なアクティビティに対するリアルタイムの検知および対応を提供することにより、従業員が使用するプロンプトや構築するエージェントから、それらのエージェントの環境全体での動作に至るまで、AIアクティビティの理解を可能にします。これにより、AIの導入を拡大する製造業はコントロールを犠牲にすることなくイノベーションの基盤を構築することができます。

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Dr. Oakley Cox-Robinson
Senior Director of Product
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