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August 22, 2024

From the Depths: Analyzing the Cthulhu Stealer Malware for macOS

Cado Security (now part of Darktrace) analyzed "Cthulhu Stealer," a macOS malware-as-a-service written in Go. It impersonates legitimate software, prompts for user and MetaMask passwords, and steals credentials, cryptocurrency wallets, and game accounts. Functionally similar to Atomic Stealer, Cthulhu was rented via an underground marketplace, but its operators faced complaints and a ban for alleged exit scamming.
Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Tara Gould
Malware Research Lead
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22
Aug 2024

Introduction

For years there has been a general belief that macOS systems are immune to malware. While MacOS has a reputation for being secure, macOS malware has been trending up in recent years with the emergence of Silver Sparrow [1],  KeRanger [2], and Atomic Stealer [3], among others. Recently, Cado Security has identified a malware-as-a-service (MaaS) targeting macOS users named “Cthulhu Stealer”. This blog will explore the functionality of this malware and provide insight into how its operators carry out their activities.

Technical analysis

File details:

Language: Go

Not signed

Stripped

Multiarch: x86_64 and arm

Screenshot
Figure 1: Screenshot of disk image when mounted

Cthulhu Stealer is an Apple disk image (DMG) that is bundled with two binaries, depending on the architecture. The malware is written in GoLang and disguises itself as legitimate software. Once the user mounts the dmg, the user is prompted to open the software. After opening the file, “osascript”, the macOS command-line tool for running AppleScript and JavaScript is used to prompt the user for their password. 

Password Prompt
Figure 2: Password Prompt 
Osascript
Figure 3: Osascript prompting user for password

Once the user enters their password, a second prompt requests the user’s MetaMask [4] password. A directory is created in ‘/Users/Shared/NW’ with the credentials stored in textfiles. Chainbreak [5] is used to dump Keychain passwords and stores the details in “Keychain.txt”.

Wallet Connect Password prompt
Figure 4: Password prompt for MetaMask
Directory
Figure 5: Directory /Users/Shared/NW with created files

A zip file containing the stolen data is created in: “/Users/Shared/NW/[CountryCode]Cthulhu_Mac_OS_[date]_[time].zip.” Additionally, a notification is sent to the C2, to alert to new logs. The malware fingerprints the victim’s system, gathering information including IP, with IP details that are retrieved from ipinfo.io.  

System information including system name, OS version, hardware and software information is also gathered and stored in a text file.

Parsed IP Details
Figure 6: Parsed IP Details 
Cthulhu Stealer
Figure 7: Contents of ‘Userinfo.txt’
Code
Figure 8: Part of the function saving system information to text file
Log Alert
Figure 9: Alert of Log that is sent to operators

Cthulhu Stealer impersonates disk images of legitimate software that include:

  • CleanMyMac
  • Grand Theft Auto IV (appears to be a typo for VI)
  • Adobe GenP

The main functionality of Cthulhu Stealer is to steal credentials and cryptocurrency wallets from various stores, including game accounts. Shown in Figure 10, there are multiple checker functions that check in the installation folders of targeted file stores, typically in “Library/Application Support/[file store]”. A directory is created in “/Users/Shared/NW” and the contents of the installation folder are dumped into text files for each store.

Code
Figure 10: “Checker” functions being called in main function
Code
Figure 11: Function BattleNetChecker

A list of stores Cthulhu Stealer steals from is shown in the list below:

  • Browser Cookies
  • Coinbase Wallet
  • Chrome Extension Wallets
  • Telegram Tdata account information
  • Minecraft user information
  • Wasabi Wallet
  • MetaMask Wallet
  • Keychain Passwords
  • SafeStorage Passwords
  • Battlenet game, cache and log data
  • Firefox Cookies
  • Daedalus Wallet
  • Electrum Wallet
  • Atomic Wallet
  • Binanace Wallet
  • Harmony Wallet
  • Electrum Wallet
  • Enjin Wallet
  • Hoo Wallet
  • Dapper Wallet
  • Coinomi Wallet
  • Trust Wallet

Comparison to atomic stealer

Atomic Stealer [6] is an information-stealer that targets macOS written in Go that was first identified in 2023. Atomic Stealer steals crypto wallets, browser credentials, and keychain. The stealer is sold on Telegram to affiliates for $1,000 per month. The functionality and features of Cthulhu Stealer are very similar to Atomic Stealer, indicating the developer of Cthulhu Stealer probably took Atomic Stealer and modified the code. The use of “osascript”  to prompt the user for their password is similar in Atomic Stealer and Cthulhu, even including the same spelling mistakes. 

Forum and operators

The developers and affiliates of Cthulhu Stealer operate as “Cthulhu Team” using Telegram for communications. The stealer appears to be being rented out to individuals for $500 USD/month, with the main developer paying out a percentage of earnings to affiliates based on their deployment. Each affiliate of the stealer is responsible for the deployment of the malware. Cado has found Cthulhu Stealer sold on two well-known malware marketplaces which are used for communication, arbitration and advertising of the stealer, along with Telegram. The user “Cthulhu” (also known as Balaclavv), first started advertising Cthulhu Stealer at the end of 2023 and appeared to be operating for the first few months of 2024, based on timestamps from the binaries. 

Various affiliates of the stealer started lodging complaints against Cthulhu in 2024 with regards to payments not being received. Users complained that Cthulhu had stolen money that was owed to them and accused the threat actor of being a scammer or participating in an exit scam. As a result, the threat actor received a permanent ban from the marketplace.

Screenshot
Figure 12: Screenshot of an arbitration an affiliate lodged against Cthulhu

Key takeaways 

In conclusion, while macOS has long been considered a secure system, the existence of malware targeting Mac users remains an increasing security concern. Although Cthulhu Team no longer appears to be active, this serves as a reminder that Apple users are not immune to cyber threats. It’s crucial to remain vigilant and exercise caution, particularly when installing software from unofficial sources.

To protect yourself from potential threats, always download software from trusted sources, such as the Apple App Store or the official websites of reputable developers. Enable macOS’s built-in security features such as Gatekeeper, which helps prevent the installation of unverified apps. Keep your system and applications up to date with the latest security patches. Additionally, consider using reputable antivirus software to provide an extra layer of protection.

By staying informed and taking proactive steps, you can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to Mac malware and ensure your system remains secure.

Indicators of compromise

Launch.dmg  

6483094f7784c424891644a85d5535688c8969666e16a194d397dc66779b0b12  

GTAIV_EarlyAccess_MACOS_Release.dmg  

e3f1e91de8af95cd56ec95737669c3512f90cecbc6696579ae2be349e30327a7  

AdobeGenP.dmg  

f79b7cbc653696af0dbd867c0a5d47698bcfc05f63b665ad48018d2610b7e97b  

Setup2024.dmg  

de33b7fb6f3d77101f81822c58540c87bd7323896913130268b9ce24f8c61e24  

CleanMyMac.dmg  

96f80fef3323e5bc0ce067cd7a93b9739174e29f786b09357125550a033b0288  

Network indicators  

89[.]208.103.185  

89[.]208.103.185:4000/autocheckbytes  

89[.]208.103.185:4000/notification_archive  

MITRE ATTACK  

User Execution  

T1204  

Command and Scripting Interpreter: Apple Script  

T1059.002  

Credentials From Password Stores  

T1555  

Credentials From Password Stores: Keychain  

T1555.001  

Credentials From Password Stores: Credentials From Web Browser  

T1555.003  

Account Discovery   

T1087  

System Information Discovery  

T1082  

Data Staged  

T1074  

Data From Local System  

T1005  

Exfiltration Over C2 Channel  

T1041  

Financial Theft  

Detection

Yara

rule MacoOS_CthulhuStealer {   
meta:       
 Description = "Detects Cthulhu MacOS Stealer Binary"       
 author = "Cado Security"       
 date = "14/08/2024"       
 md5 = "897384f9a792674b969388891653bb58" strings:           
 $mach_o_x86_64 = {CF FA ED FE 07 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00}           
 $mach_o_arm64 = {CF FA ED FE 0C 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00}          $c2 = "http://89.208.103.185:4000"           
 $path1 = "/Users/Shared/NW" fullword          $path2 = "/Users/admin/Desktop/adwans/Builder/6987368329/generated_script.go" fullword          $path3 = "ic.png" fullword           
 $zip = "@====)>>>>>>>>> CTHULHU STEALER - BOT <<<<<<<<<(====@\n" fullword          $func1 = "copyKeychainFile"           
 $func2 = "grabberA1"           
 $func3 = "grabberA2"          
 $func4 = "decodeIPInfo"           
 $func5 = "battlenetChecker"           
 $func6 = "binanceChecker"          
 $func7 = "daedalusChecker"           
 $func8 = "CCopyFFolderContents"           
 $func9 = "electrumChecker"         
 
condition:         
 $mach_o_x86_64 or $mach_o_arm64           
 and any of ($func*) or any of ($path*) or ($c2) or ($zip) } 

References

[1] https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/

[2] https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-os-x-ransomware-keranger-infected-transmission-bittorrent-client-installer/

[3] https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/atomic-stealer-threat-actor-spawns-second-variant-of-macos-malware-sold-on-telegram/

[4] https://metamask.io/

[5] https://github.com/n0fate/chainbreaker

[6] https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/atomic-stealer-threat-actor-spawns-second-variant-of-macos-malware-sold-on-telegram/

Inside the SOC
Darktrace cyber analysts are world-class experts in threat intelligence, threat hunting and incident response, and provide 24/7 SOC support to thousands of Darktrace customers around the globe. Inside the SOC is exclusively authored by these experts, providing analysis of cyber incidents and threat trends, based on real-world experience in the field.
Written by
Tara Gould
Malware Research Lead

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May 22, 2026

Darktrace named a Leader in the 2026 Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Network Detection and Response (NDR) For the Second Consecutive Year

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Continued recognition in NDR  

Darktrace has been recognized as a Leader in the 2026 Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Network Detection and Response (NDR), marking the second consecutive year in the Leaders quadrant.

We believe this consistency reflects sustained ability to execute, adapt, and deliver outcomes as the market evolves.

While we are immensely proud to be recognized by industry analysts as a Leader in NDR, that's just part of the story. Darktrace was also Named the Only 2025 Gartner® Peer Insights™ Customers’ Choice for Network Detection and Response based on direct customer feedback and real-world experience.

We believe the combination of these two signals is important. One reflects how the market is evaluated. The other reflects how technology performs in practice.

Why Darktrace continues to be recognized as a leader

We believe our position as a Leader for the second consecutive year reflects a combination of our sustained ability to execute in NDR, continued AI innovation, and proven delivery of security outcomes for customers and partners worldwide.

We also feel that our leadership in the NDR market is a testament to our unique and multi-layered AI approach, for which we were recognized as No.7 on Fast Company’s Most Innovative AI Companies of 2026 list, plus one of the hottest AI cybersecurity companies in CRN's AI 100.

Adapting to complex, real-world environments

Organizations are no longer protecting a single network perimeter. They are securing a mix of users, devices, applications, and data that move across hybrid environments.

Darktrace has focused on maintaining visibility and detection across these conditions, allowing security teams to understand activity as it scales.

Supporting organizations globally, not just technically

Security outcomes are shaped as much by deployment and support as they are by detection capability.

Darktrace continues to invest in regional presence across 29 countries around the world, helping organizations operationalize NDR in ways that align with local requirements, internal processes, and team structures.

Continuing to push AI beyond detection

AI in cybersecurity is often positioned as a way to improve detection accuracy. But the more important shift is how AI can influence decision-making and response.

Darktrace continues to develop models that learn from both live environments and historical incident data, combining real-time behavioral analysis with insights derived from prior attack patterns.

Using technologies such as the Incident Graph and DIGEST (Darktrace Incident Graph Evaluation for Security Threats), activity is not analyzed in isolation. Instead, relationships between users, devices, connections, and events are mapped over time, allowing the system to reconstruct how an incident is unfolding and how similar incidents have progressed in the past.

By evaluating these patterns, Darktrace can assess the likelihood that an incident will escalate, prioritizing the activity that poses the greatest risk and surfacing the most relevant context for investigation.

This shifts security operations from simply identifying anomalies to understanding their trajectory, helping teams anticipate potential impact and respond earlier with greater precision.

Why NDR is shifting from reactive detection to proactive, AI-driven security

Traditional approaches to NDR have been built around reactively identifying threats once they become clearly visible. That model is increasingly difficult to rely on.

Attackers are no longer operating in ways that stand out. They use valid credentials, trusted tools, and low-and-slow techniques that blend into everyday activity. By the time something looks obviously malicious, the impact is often already underway.

This is the core limitation of reactive detection. It depends on recognizing something that already looks like a threat.

As a result, many of the most consequential incidents today fall into a gap.

Insider activity, compromised credentials, and novel attacks rarely trigger traditional alerts because they do not follow known patterns. On the surface, they often appear legitimate, making them difficult to distinguish from normal behavior without deeper context.

This is why we believe this Gartner recognition reflects a broader shift in NDR toward autonomous, proactive and pre‑emptive security operations.

By understanding normal behavior within an environment, it is possible to identify subtle deviations rather than waiting for confirmation of threats as they are taking place.

Darktrace’s Self-Learning AI is designed for behavioral understanding. By continuously learning each organization’s normal patterns, it can detect deviations in real time, enabling a proactive and pre-emptive model of NDR where security teams can respond to early signs of risk as they emerge, reducing the window in which attacks can develop.

In multiple cases, this behavioral approach has led to early threat detection where Darktrace identified completely unknown threats, including pre-CVE zero-day activity. By detecting subtle behavioral changes before vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed or widely understood, organizations can mitigate threats before they do damage.

This shift is subtle but important. Modern NDR solutions must shift from a system that explains what happened to one that helps prevent threats from developing in the first place, and Darktrace is proud to be at the forefront of this shift - helping organizations build and maintain a state of proactive network resilience.

Continuing to innovate at the forefront of NDR

In our view, recognition as a Leader reflects where the market is today. Continuing to innovate defines what comes next.

As businesses evolve, new technologies like AI tools and agents introduce new security risks and challenges; security teams need more than simple detection. They need a complete understanding of risk as it develops, the ability to investigate it in context, and to contain threats at machine speed.  

Darktrace / NETWORK is built to deliver across that full spectrum. Its Self-Learning AI continuously adapts to each organization’s environment, identifying subtle behavioral changes that signal emerging threats. Integrated investigation and autonomous response reduce the time between detection and action, allowing teams to move with greater speed and confidence.

This combination enables organizations to detect and contain known, unknown, and insider threats as they develop, while also strengthening resilience over time.

As a two-time Leader in the Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for NDR and the only 2025 Gartner® Peer Insights™ Customers’ Choice, we feel Darktrace continues to evolve its platform to meet the demands of modern environments, delivering a more complete and adaptive approach to network security.

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Disclaimer: The 2026 Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Network Detection and Response (NDR) ,The 2026 Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Network Detection and Response (NDR), Thomas Lintemuth, Charanpal Bhogal, Nahim Fazal, 18 May 2026.

Gartner does not endorse any vendor, product or service depicted in its research publications, and does not advise technology users to select only those vendors with the highest ratings or other designation. Gartner research publications consist of the opinions of Gartner’s research organization and should not be construed as statements of fact. Gartner disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, with respect to this research, including any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

GARTNER is a registered trademark and service mark of Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and internationally and is used herein with permission. All rights reserved. Magic Quadrant is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates and is used herein with permission. All rights reserved.

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Mikey Anderson
Product Marketing Manager, Network Detection & Response

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May 21, 2026

Prompt Security in Enterprise AI: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Common Approaches

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How enterprise AI Agents are changing the risk landscape  

Generative AI Agents are changing the way work gets done inside enterprises, and subsequently how security risks may emerge. Organizations have quickly realized that providing these agents with wider access to tooling, internal information, and granting permissions for the agent to perform autonomous actions can greatly increase the efficiency of employee workflows.

Early deployments of Generative AI systems led many organizations to scope individual components as self-contained applications: a chat interface, a model, and a prompt, with guardrails placed at the boundary. Research from Gartner has shown that while the volume and scope of Agentic AI deployments in enterprise environments is rapidly accelerating, many of the mechanisms required to manage risk, trust, and cost are still maturing.

The issue now resides on whether an agent can be influenced, misdirected, or manipulated in ways that leads to unsafe behavior across a broader system.

Why prompt security matters in enterprise AI

Prompt security matters in enterprise AI because prompts are the primary way users and systems interact with Agentic AI models, making them one of the earliest and most visible indicators of how these systems are being used and where risk may emerge.

For security teams, prompt monitoring is a logical starting point for understanding enterprise AI usage, providing insight into what types of questions are being asked and tasks are being given to AI Agents, how these systems are being guided, and whether interactions align with expected behavior. Complete prompt security takes this one step further, filtering out or blocking sensitive or dangerous content to prevent risks like prompt injection and data leakage.

However, visibility only at the prompt layer can create a false sense of security. Prompts show what was asked, but not always why it was asked, or what downstream actions were triggered by the agent across connected systems, data sources, or applications.

What prompt security reveals  

The primary function of prompt security is to minimize risks associated with generative and agentic AI use, but monitoring and analysis of prompts can also grant insight into use cases for particular agents and model. With comprehensive prompt security, security teams should be able to answer the following questions for each prompt:

  • What task was the user attempting to complete?
  • What data was included in the request, and was any of the data high-risk or confidential?
  • Was the interaction high-risk, potentially malicious, or in violation of company policy?
  • Was the prompt anomalous (in comparison to previous prompts sent to the agent / model)?

Improving visibility at this layer is a necessary first step, allowing organizations to establish a baseline for how AI systems are being used and where potential risks may exist.  

Prompt security alone does not provide a complete view of risk. Further data is needed to understand how the prompt is interpreted, how context is applied, what autonomous actions the agent takes (if any), or what downstream systems are affected. Understanding the outcome of a query is just as important for complete prompt security as understanding the input prompt itself – for example, a perfectly normal, low-risk prompt may inadvertently result in an agent taking a high-risk action.

Comprehensive AI security systems like Darktrace / SECURE AI can monitor and analyze both the prompt submitted to a Generative AI system, as well as the responses and chain-of-thought of the system, providing greater insight into the behavior of the system. Darktrace / SECURE AI builds on the core Darktrace methodology, learning the expected behaviors of your organization and identifying deviations from the expected pattern of life.

How organizations address prompt security today

As prompt-level visibility has become a focus, a range of approaches have emerged to make this activity more observable and controllable. Various monitoring and logging tools aim to capture prompt inputs to be analyzed after the fact.  

Input validation and filtering systems attempt to intervene earlier, inspecting prompts before they reach the model. These controls look for known jailbreak patterns, language indicative of adversarial attacks, or ambiguous instructions which could push the system off course.

Importantly, for a prompt security solution to be accurate and effective, prompts must be continually observed and governed, rather than treated as a point-in-time snapshot.  

Where prompt security breaks down in real environments

In more complex environments, especially those involving multiple agents or extensive tool use, AI security becomes harder to define and control.

Agent-to-Agent communications can be harder to monitor and trace as these happen without direct user interaction. Communication between agents can create routes for potential context leakage between agents, unintentional privilege escalation, or even data leakage from a higher privileged agent to a lower privileged one.

Risk is shaped not just by what is asked, but by the conditions in which that prompt operates and the actions an agent takes. Controls at the orchestration layer are starting to reflect this reality. Techniques such as context isolation, scoped memory, and role-based boundaries aim to limit how far a prompt’s influence can extend.  

Furthermore, Shadow AI usage can be difficult to monitor. AI systems that are deployed outside of formal governance structures and Generative AI systems hosted on unknown endpoints can fly under the radar and can go unseen by monitoring tools, leaving a critical opening where adversarial prompts may go undetected. Darktrace / SECURE AI features comprehensive detection of Shadow AI usage, helping organizations identify potential risk areas.

How prompt security fits in a broader AI risk model

Prompt security is an important starting point, but it is not a complete security strategy. As AI systems become more integrated into enterprise environments, the risks extend to what resources the system can access, how it interprets context, and what actions it is allowed to take across connected tools and workflows.

This creates a gap between visibility and control. Prompt security alone allows security teams to observe prompt activity but falls short of creating a clear understanding of how that activity translates into real-world impact across the organization.

Closing that gap requires a broader approach, one that connects signals across human and AI agent identities, SaaS, cloud, and endpoint environments. It means understanding not just how an AI system is being used, but how that usage interacts with the rest of the digital estate.

Prompt security, in that sense, is less of a standalone solution and more of an entry point into a larger problem: securing AI across the enterprise as a whole.

Explore how Darktrace / SECURE AI brings prompt security to enterprises

Darktrace brings more than a decade of AI expertise, built on an enterprise‑wide platform designed to operate in and understand the behaviors of the complex, ambiguous environments where today’s AI now lives. With Darktrace / SECURE AI, enterprises can safely adopt, manage, monitor, and build AI within their business.  

Learn about Darktrace / SECURE AI here.

Sign up today to stay informed about innovations across securing AI.

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Jamie Bali
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